This study contemplates comparative distinct characteristics of production and distribution networks focused on the commercial activities of the private merchant group, Kyungsang and Songsang in the Joseon dynasty. Through the comparative study of these representative private merchant group, Kyungsang and Songsang, we show a general progress state of commercial trade in market economy of Korean middle age contrary to the separate prior researches. And also, we compare the distribution supply chains of each private merchant group’s main commodities by case study.The main features of two private merchant groups’ distribution networks are as follows; First, Kyungsang, based on the capital city Han-Yang, had tried to dominate the distribution market taking the best advantages of location and the capital strength. Instead, Songsang had the competitive advantage such as ginseng and the dry goods in supply chain from production to distribution and international trade making use of the nationwide organization networks.Second, two private merchant groups have common thing with dominating the national markets and traffic networks and using these advantages to the commercial activities. That is the most effective strategy in those days’ circumstance.Although there are some negative perspectives and research results because of the exclusive distribution system, the vigorous commercial activities of these two private merchant groups through the combination of organization, distribution networks and capital, show historical consideration about the origin of modern Korean market economy.