Julius Caesar enjoyed rather ambivalent image throughout the Middle Ages. In the 13th century, there occurred a phenomenon that lay readers started to reevaluate him, as vernacular historical writings including Les Faits des Romains became popular. Most notably, from the 14th century onwards, Julius Caesar was admired and heralded as one of the Nine Heroes who were valued to epitomize the ideals of chivalry. Indeed, during the 14th century when the laypeople emerged as a major customership in the book market, the iconography of Caesar developed gradually in the illuminated manuscripts and other forms of arts such as tapestries and frescoes. The portrayals of Julius Caesar as an emperor and knight, with his attributes and coats of arms featuring, peaked in the late 14th century. However, the late medieval representations of Caesar were not as schematic as they could be may. Even though the emperor’s history was illuminated on the basis of model books, the artistic renditions of him varied drastically depending on artists’ selections of iconographical themes. Also, Caesar was figured differently, depending on how individuals or groups involved in the productions of the works evaluated him historically and politically.