Aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable to a variety of xenobiotics that are increasing continuously with time. It is led to risk to human health and aquatic organisms, therefore we need to protect the aquatic ecosystem in advance and deal with it immediately. However, there are limitations of using the phy...
Aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable to a variety of xenobiotics that are increasing continuously with time. It is led to risk to human health and aquatic organisms, therefore we need to protect the aquatic ecosystem in advance and deal with it immediately. However, there are limitations of using the physicochemical analysis to grasp the interaction of chemicals in the water body. Bioassays are method to survey the effect of chemicals on the organisms by measuring survival, reproduction, and, metabolism, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A battery of bioassay could represent the bioaccumulation via food web, including the test species from more than two trophic levels. Vinyl chloride (VC) is a manufactured substance primarily used to produce polymer poly vinyl chloride (PVC). Also it can be formed when chlorinated organic solvents, such as tetrachlroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and dichloroethylene (DCE), are broken down. Integrated risk information system (IRIS), International agency of research on cancer (IARC), and European chemical substances information system (ESIS) have determined that VC is a human carcinogen by a several routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, and dermal). In 2004 and 2007 survey, VC was found in a range of 0.01-4.7 ㎍/L from four major rivers in the Korea. VC was determined a potential hazard chemical assessed by human health risk assessment in 2007 survey. There are a few aquatic ecotoxicity data of VC, including 5 fish, 3 invertebrates, and 1 plant species. These are accomplished by open system with headspace, without considering the volatilization, therefore it could overestimate the L(I)C50 due to decreased exposure concentration in the water body. Accordingly, we need to establish suitable test methods for volatile compounds. In this study, aquatic ecotoxicity of volatile organic compound, VC was assessed by a battery of bioassay, including Oryzias latipes, Moina macrocopa, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, that are domestic to Korea. Also, ecogenotoxicity of VC was distinguished by SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37. Toxicity test was conducted at the closed system (no-headspace vessel or minimal headspace vessel) to minimize the losses of VC. The EC50 value for P. subcapitata exposed to VC for 48 hours was 1.17 mg/L, and VC inhibits the growth on P. subcapitata. However, maximum concentration of VC corresponding to maximum acceptable concentration of MeOH induced no or weak effect on other species. Meanwhile, SOS chromotest was accomplished by closed system (no-headspace vessel) using E. coli PQ37, and VC was determined to be genotoxic. The result of this study could be a starting point to assess aquatic ecotoxicity of VC, grasping the level of toxicity on various organisms.
Aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable to a variety of xenobiotics that are increasing continuously with time. It is led to risk to human health and aquatic organisms, therefore we need to protect the aquatic ecosystem in advance and deal with it immediately. However, there are limitations of using the physicochemical analysis to grasp the interaction of chemicals in the water body. Bioassays are method to survey the effect of chemicals on the organisms by measuring survival, reproduction, and, metabolism, both qualitatively and quantitatively. A battery of bioassay could represent the bioaccumulation via food web, including the test species from more than two trophic levels. Vinyl chloride (VC) is a manufactured substance primarily used to produce polymer poly vinyl chloride (PVC). Also it can be formed when chlorinated organic solvents, such as tetrachlroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and dichloroethylene (DCE), are broken down. Integrated risk information system (IRIS), International agency of research on cancer (IARC), and European chemical substances information system (ESIS) have determined that VC is a human carcinogen by a several routes of exposure (oral, inhalation, and dermal). In 2004 and 2007 survey, VC was found in a range of 0.01-4.7 ㎍/L from four major rivers in the Korea. VC was determined a potential hazard chemical assessed by human health risk assessment in 2007 survey. There are a few aquatic ecotoxicity data of VC, including 5 fish, 3 invertebrates, and 1 plant species. These are accomplished by open system with headspace, without considering the volatilization, therefore it could overestimate the L(I)C50 due to decreased exposure concentration in the water body. Accordingly, we need to establish suitable test methods for volatile compounds. In this study, aquatic ecotoxicity of volatile organic compound, VC was assessed by a battery of bioassay, including Oryzias latipes, Moina macrocopa, Gyraulus convexiusculus, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, that are domestic to Korea. Also, ecogenotoxicity of VC was distinguished by SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37. Toxicity test was conducted at the closed system (no-headspace vessel or minimal headspace vessel) to minimize the losses of VC. The EC50 value for P. subcapitata exposed to VC for 48 hours was 1.17 mg/L, and VC inhibits the growth on P. subcapitata. However, maximum concentration of VC corresponding to maximum acceptable concentration of MeOH induced no or weak effect on other species. Meanwhile, SOS chromotest was accomplished by closed system (no-headspace vessel) using E. coli PQ37, and VC was determined to be genotoxic. The result of this study could be a starting point to assess aquatic ecotoxicity of VC, grasping the level of toxicity on various organisms.
주제어
#Vinyl chloride A battery of bioassay Volatilization Aquatic ecotoxicity
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