The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a growing concern, pharmaceutical ingredients, including their metabolites and conjugates, are excreted mainly through urine or feces. Then they enter municipal sewage treatment systems where they can be degraded and absorbed into sewage sludge...
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a growing concern, pharmaceutical ingredients, including their metabolites and conjugates, are excreted mainly through urine or feces. Then they enter municipal sewage treatment systems where they can be degraded and absorbed into sewage sludge, diluted eventually into surface water and ground water. Phamaceuticals residues in the environment, and their potential toxic effect, have been recognized as one of the emerging research area in the environmental chemistry. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare with the concentration of pharmaceuticals in surface water of Ulsan, and the concentration of the detection of abroad. we collected surface water sample in Taewha River and Hoiya River of Ulsan, Korea, in three sampling events representing different flow condition, i.e., June, September, 2011, and analyzed for seven pharmaceuticals including Acetaminophen, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfathiazole, Sulfamethazine, Carbadox, Trimethoprim, and Lincomycin, using UPLC/ESI-MS/MS. The selection of sampling sites was bised toward streams susceptible to contamination(i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). Levels of pharmaceutical residues in the Taewha River and Hoiya River were the highest for Lincomycin(max 1.506㎍/L), followed by Sulfamethoxazole(max 0.187㎍/L), Trimethoprim(max 0.082㎍/L). Sulfamethoxazole were prevalent during this study, being found in 67% of the streams sampled. The most frequently detected compounds were Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, and Lincomycin, which were detected in >43% of samples and found to have mean(maximun) concentration of 0.021(0.187)㎍/L, 0.012(0.082)㎍/L, 0.129(1.506)㎍/L, respectively. Lincomycin had high measured concentration(>1㎍/L), and 6 other pharmaceuticals occured at the ㎍/L~ng/L level. The results of comparison of regional concentration, Lincomycin was detected in highest concentration in Taewha River. The maximum total concentration of Lincomycin was 1.506 ㎍/L. Lincomycin was detected in highest concentration in Hoiya River. Measured concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in Hoiya River and Taewha River were similar or lower to concentrations reported for surface water in USA, Germany, Canada, Han River of Seoul. These incidence and concentration results correlate well with published data for other worldwide location, as well as with Korean medication usage data, suggesting a human contamination source. In this study, analytical method for pharmaceuticals from samples gave 60.8% ~ 94.1% of recoveries from the spiked blank samples. The calibration curves showed good linearities(above r2=0.99) in the concentration range of 0.01~1.0ng/mL. Limits of detection(LOD) were the range of 0.005~0.57pg/mL. The established method can be used to determine pg/mL levels of pharmaceuticals in surface water and non-treated drinking water.
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a growing concern, pharmaceutical ingredients, including their metabolites and conjugates, are excreted mainly through urine or feces. Then they enter municipal sewage treatment systems where they can be degraded and absorbed into sewage sludge, diluted eventually into surface water and ground water. Phamaceuticals residues in the environment, and their potential toxic effect, have been recognized as one of the emerging research area in the environmental chemistry. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare with the concentration of pharmaceuticals in surface water of Ulsan, and the concentration of the detection of abroad. we collected surface water sample in Taewha River and Hoiya River of Ulsan, Korea, in three sampling events representing different flow condition, i.e., June, September, 2011, and analyzed for seven pharmaceuticals including Acetaminophen, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfathiazole, Sulfamethazine, Carbadox, Trimethoprim, and Lincomycin, using UPLC/ESI-MS/MS. The selection of sampling sites was bised toward streams susceptible to contamination(i.e. downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). Levels of pharmaceutical residues in the Taewha River and Hoiya River were the highest for Lincomycin(max 1.506㎍/L), followed by Sulfamethoxazole(max 0.187㎍/L), Trimethoprim(max 0.082㎍/L). Sulfamethoxazole were prevalent during this study, being found in 67% of the streams sampled. The most frequently detected compounds were Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim, and Lincomycin, which were detected in >43% of samples and found to have mean(maximun) concentration of 0.021(0.187)㎍/L, 0.012(0.082)㎍/L, 0.129(1.506)㎍/L, respectively. Lincomycin had high measured concentration(>1㎍/L), and 6 other pharmaceuticals occured at the ㎍/L~ng/L level. The results of comparison of regional concentration, Lincomycin was detected in highest concentration in Taewha River. The maximum total concentration of Lincomycin was 1.506 ㎍/L. Lincomycin was detected in highest concentration in Hoiya River. Measured concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in Hoiya River and Taewha River were similar or lower to concentrations reported for surface water in USA, Germany, Canada, Han River of Seoul. These incidence and concentration results correlate well with published data for other worldwide location, as well as with Korean medication usage data, suggesting a human contamination source. In this study, analytical method for pharmaceuticals from samples gave 60.8% ~ 94.1% of recoveries from the spiked blank samples. The calibration curves showed good linearities(above r2=0.99) in the concentration range of 0.01~1.0ng/mL. Limits of detection(LOD) were the range of 0.005~0.57pg/mL. The established method can be used to determine pg/mL levels of pharmaceuticals in surface water and non-treated drinking water.
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