The purpose of this thesis is to understand Lacan's theory of signification. This thesis is developed by considering the unconscious, language, and subject. The unconscious was first discovered by psychologist Sigmund Freud and since The Interpretation of Dreams was published, psychoanalysis has dev...
The purpose of this thesis is to understand Lacan's theory of signification. This thesis is developed by considering the unconscious, language, and subject. The unconscious was first discovered by psychologist Sigmund Freud and since The Interpretation of Dreams was published, psychoanalysis has developed. Freud not only discovered the unconscious which is repressed but explained it apart from the conscious. The repressed unconscious is revealed as dreams, which are properly transformed and disguised by means of condensation and displacement after going through the censorship of the conscious. Also, condensation and displacement are represented in the forms of slips of the tongue, jokes, symptoms, and forgetfulness in daily life. The things that can't be explained by the conscious come to be comprehended by both repression and the unconscious. Freud divided dreams into manifest and latent ones. The transfer of elements from the dream thoughts to the manifest content of the dream is achieved through the activities of condensation and displacement. Condensation joins together in an abbreviated and highly compressed form selected in elements from the dream thoughts, and more remote memories with which they have some features in common. On the other hand, displacement makes possible the fulfillment of a repressed desire through a series of surrogate images, since it transfers to the latter the effect which properly belongs to the former. In Lacan's standpoint, the unconscious is related to the language. This is why Lacan said the unconscious is structured like a language, which was not a primitive part of the mind separate from the conscious and linguistic ego, but a formation as complex and structurally sophisticated as consciousness itself. As a matter of fact the single most innovative contribution Lacan made was the discovery of the linguistic aspects inherent in the Freudian unconsciousness by using Saussure's structural linguistics. Unlike Saussure Lacan saw Saussure's sign not as but as , reading the signifier over the signified. When it comes to the meaning, for Lacan, it arises in transferring one signifier to another, rather than in between the signifier and the signified. Lacan assimilates condensation and displacement to the linguistic axes of metaphor and metonymy and refers to condensation as the structure of the superimposition of signifiers which are characteristic of metaphor, and displacement as what shows the exact same transfer of signification as is met with in metonymy. Metaphor and metonymy respond to similarity and contiguity as the basis for temporary replacement of one signifying element by another. Lacan's explanation for the formation of the imaginary ego in the mirror stage generally corresponds to Freud's theory of the ego, in which the birth of the ego is understood as the phenomenon of libidinal cathexis during the narcissistic stage of development. Imaginary identification in the mirror stage causes serious alienation as well as generates a narcissistic ego. This alienating structure tells us about the birth of the ego. Through the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure as well as Roman Jakobson, Lacan developed his critical theory of the symbolic order and the subject as the subject of the signifier. With the idea that the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan reformulated one of the most important concepts of psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex, as a symbolic structure. He explains the symbolic order after solving the Oedipal conflict using the paternal metaphor. For Lacan, a signifier is what represents the subject for another signifier. According to the paternal metaphor, the infant is registered as a signifier in the signifying chains and becomes a desiring subject through the process of symbolic castration. Lacan thought that the Oedipus complex and the overcoming of it can be understood better by means of the metaphor of the Name-of-the-Father. With the help of the paternal metaphor and through the intervention of the-Name-of-the Father, the child can be registered as a signifier in the signifying chains. Then this gives birth to barred and split subject S̸. According to Lacan, the subject comes into being through an unconditional submission to the Other as signifiers. It is manifested in the forced choice regarding the metaphor of money or life. When Lacanian subject is forced to make a choice between being and thinking, human beings are destined to choose thinking. The moment human beings choose thinking, the desiring subject, who is also lack of being, comes to emerge as well as the being comes to disappear at the same time. This symbolic castration process brings about a split and barred subject , transforming the subject-to-be from an ontological level to a semantic one.
The purpose of this thesis is to understand Lacan's theory of signification. This thesis is developed by considering the unconscious, language, and subject. The unconscious was first discovered by psychologist Sigmund Freud and since The Interpretation of Dreams was published, psychoanalysis has developed. Freud not only discovered the unconscious which is repressed but explained it apart from the conscious. The repressed unconscious is revealed as dreams, which are properly transformed and disguised by means of condensation and displacement after going through the censorship of the conscious. Also, condensation and displacement are represented in the forms of slips of the tongue, jokes, symptoms, and forgetfulness in daily life. The things that can't be explained by the conscious come to be comprehended by both repression and the unconscious. Freud divided dreams into manifest and latent ones. The transfer of elements from the dream thoughts to the manifest content of the dream is achieved through the activities of condensation and displacement. Condensation joins together in an abbreviated and highly compressed form selected in elements from the dream thoughts, and more remote memories with which they have some features in common. On the other hand, displacement makes possible the fulfillment of a repressed desire through a series of surrogate images, since it transfers to the latter the effect which properly belongs to the former. In Lacan's standpoint, the unconscious is related to the language. This is why Lacan said the unconscious is structured like a language, which was not a primitive part of the mind separate from the conscious and linguistic ego, but a formation as complex and structurally sophisticated as consciousness itself. As a matter of fact the single most innovative contribution Lacan made was the discovery of the linguistic aspects inherent in the Freudian unconsciousness by using Saussure's structural linguistics. Unlike Saussure Lacan saw Saussure's sign not as but as , reading the signifier over the signified. When it comes to the meaning, for Lacan, it arises in transferring one signifier to another, rather than in between the signifier and the signified. Lacan assimilates condensation and displacement to the linguistic axes of metaphor and metonymy and refers to condensation as the structure of the superimposition of signifiers which are characteristic of metaphor, and displacement as what shows the exact same transfer of signification as is met with in metonymy. Metaphor and metonymy respond to similarity and contiguity as the basis for temporary replacement of one signifying element by another. Lacan's explanation for the formation of the imaginary ego in the mirror stage generally corresponds to Freud's theory of the ego, in which the birth of the ego is understood as the phenomenon of libidinal cathexis during the narcissistic stage of development. Imaginary identification in the mirror stage causes serious alienation as well as generates a narcissistic ego. This alienating structure tells us about the birth of the ego. Through the influence of Ferdinand de Saussure as well as Roman Jakobson, Lacan developed his critical theory of the symbolic order and the subject as the subject of the signifier. With the idea that the unconscious is structured like a language, Lacan reformulated one of the most important concepts of psychoanalysis, the Oedipus complex, as a symbolic structure. He explains the symbolic order after solving the Oedipal conflict using the paternal metaphor. For Lacan, a signifier is what represents the subject for another signifier. According to the paternal metaphor, the infant is registered as a signifier in the signifying chains and becomes a desiring subject through the process of symbolic castration. Lacan thought that the Oedipus complex and the overcoming of it can be understood better by means of the metaphor of the Name-of-the-Father. With the help of the paternal metaphor and through the intervention of the-Name-of-the Father, the child can be registered as a signifier in the signifying chains. Then this gives birth to barred and split subject S̸. According to Lacan, the subject comes into being through an unconditional submission to the Other as signifiers. It is manifested in the forced choice regarding the metaphor of money or life. When Lacanian subject is forced to make a choice between being and thinking, human beings are destined to choose thinking. The moment human beings choose thinking, the desiring subject, who is also lack of being, comes to emerge as well as the being comes to disappear at the same time. This symbolic castration process brings about a split and barred subject , transforming the subject-to-be from an ontological level to a semantic one.
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