Castle towns in Korea are mostly located in small and medium-sized cities as precious assets for keeping physical, historical, and cultural heritage and establishing the identity of a city. However, as a result of modernization, cities which conserve the original form of castle towns are not many, a...
Castle towns in Korea are mostly located in small and medium-sized cities as precious assets for keeping physical, historical, and cultural heritage and establishing the identity of a city. However, as a result of modernization, cities which conserve the original form of castle towns are not many, and the question about how to integrate existing cities is raised because obsolete downtown and deteriorated residential places are closely linked. Recently, people became aware of the historical and cultural value of cities newly and began to take a special interest in historical and cultural resources that are possessed by a local area with a view to making use of them as a source for urban competitiveness. Therefore, this study aims to connect the dots of the characteristics of urban spatial structure according to types of castle towns which have been a central role of local areas for a long time to suggest the development plans in accordance with the types of castle towns through collecting opinions about the development direction of castle towns. First, study subjects were confined to castles, classified by political and defense reasons, designated as cultural assets by the cultural heritage administration. 28 castle cities, except for castle towns located in a metropolis and metropolitan cities, were selected as castle cities. For the analysis of the characteristics of urban spatial structure, types of castle towns are classified into 3 types: 1) castle towns which conserve castle as an original form(type Ⅰ), 2) castle towns where some parts remain (type Ⅱ), and 3) castle towns where the site only remains because the castle was destroyed(type Ⅲ). It analyzed urban structure and urban forms of the target cities. The analysis results demonstrated that the indicators of urban structure in type Ⅰ were mostly vitalized leading to being stable, while the indicator of land use and traffic indicator were not inactivated, showing a tendency of geographical isolation. Therefore, it is seen that linking between inactivated areas and surrounding areas is required in conjunction with life zone and economic zone. Type Ⅱ was affluent in historical and cultural resources, but economic base was weakened, and population outflow appeared. On account that a city of type Ⅱ is likely to be more stagnant, the strengthening of economic base is required. Type Ⅲ was significantly low in spatial self-sufficiency rate and historical and cultural resources were comparatively low. In this type of city, basic needs such as transportation facilities and public facilities are not satisfied. Therefore, it appeared that the supply for the basic need in this city should be a priority. Second, the development methods in accordance with different types were drawn through the analysis of questionnaire surveys on experts and local residents. This analysis showed that the strengthening of project operation and promotion systems is needed for the development of different types of cities. The variables of important effect appeared differently according to experts and local residents. Views of experts and local residents were generally similar in type Ⅱ. However, experts argued that the financial support of local governments would be important in project execution and management systems, while residents maintained that voluntary participation of private sectors such as local enterprises in projects and management would be important. In terms of type Ⅱ, local residents thought that land compensation and the financial support of the central government would be important, contrary to the experts. In terms of type Ⅲ, experts chose compensation system for residents as the most important variable because land compensation should be made in the case of restoring the destroyed castle towns, while local residents showed a high interest in the conservation plan of the castle town. As a result of analyzing development plans in accordance with the types of castle town as well as urban spatial structure, this study came to a conclusion as follows: First, castle towns that conserve castle as a shape closer to the original form should become a growth center in history and culture by linking its life zone and economic zone to surrounding areas, leading to a growing small and medium-sized city. Second, a city, where some parts of the castle remain, should promote the invigoration of the local economy through the inflow of talented people who are able to use historical and cultural resources that city holds by securing urban competitiveness by attracting creative industries related to cultural arts to the city. Third, regarding the castle towns, where the site only remains, and the castle was destroyed, the qualitative improvement should be a prerequisite through providing facilities in response to the basic demand of urban spatial structure, prior to the restoration project of the castle town, and the validity of restoration project should be deliberately examined.
Castle towns in Korea are mostly located in small and medium-sized cities as precious assets for keeping physical, historical, and cultural heritage and establishing the identity of a city. However, as a result of modernization, cities which conserve the original form of castle towns are not many, and the question about how to integrate existing cities is raised because obsolete downtown and deteriorated residential places are closely linked. Recently, people became aware of the historical and cultural value of cities newly and began to take a special interest in historical and cultural resources that are possessed by a local area with a view to making use of them as a source for urban competitiveness. Therefore, this study aims to connect the dots of the characteristics of urban spatial structure according to types of castle towns which have been a central role of local areas for a long time to suggest the development plans in accordance with the types of castle towns through collecting opinions about the development direction of castle towns. First, study subjects were confined to castles, classified by political and defense reasons, designated as cultural assets by the cultural heritage administration. 28 castle cities, except for castle towns located in a metropolis and metropolitan cities, were selected as castle cities. For the analysis of the characteristics of urban spatial structure, types of castle towns are classified into 3 types: 1) castle towns which conserve castle as an original form(type Ⅰ), 2) castle towns where some parts remain (type Ⅱ), and 3) castle towns where the site only remains because the castle was destroyed(type Ⅲ). It analyzed urban structure and urban forms of the target cities. The analysis results demonstrated that the indicators of urban structure in type Ⅰ were mostly vitalized leading to being stable, while the indicator of land use and traffic indicator were not inactivated, showing a tendency of geographical isolation. Therefore, it is seen that linking between inactivated areas and surrounding areas is required in conjunction with life zone and economic zone. Type Ⅱ was affluent in historical and cultural resources, but economic base was weakened, and population outflow appeared. On account that a city of type Ⅱ is likely to be more stagnant, the strengthening of economic base is required. Type Ⅲ was significantly low in spatial self-sufficiency rate and historical and cultural resources were comparatively low. In this type of city, basic needs such as transportation facilities and public facilities are not satisfied. Therefore, it appeared that the supply for the basic need in this city should be a priority. Second, the development methods in accordance with different types were drawn through the analysis of questionnaire surveys on experts and local residents. This analysis showed that the strengthening of project operation and promotion systems is needed for the development of different types of cities. The variables of important effect appeared differently according to experts and local residents. Views of experts and local residents were generally similar in type Ⅱ. However, experts argued that the financial support of local governments would be important in project execution and management systems, while residents maintained that voluntary participation of private sectors such as local enterprises in projects and management would be important. In terms of type Ⅱ, local residents thought that land compensation and the financial support of the central government would be important, contrary to the experts. In terms of type Ⅲ, experts chose compensation system for residents as the most important variable because land compensation should be made in the case of restoring the destroyed castle towns, while local residents showed a high interest in the conservation plan of the castle town. As a result of analyzing development plans in accordance with the types of castle town as well as urban spatial structure, this study came to a conclusion as follows: First, castle towns that conserve castle as a shape closer to the original form should become a growth center in history and culture by linking its life zone and economic zone to surrounding areas, leading to a growing small and medium-sized city. Second, a city, where some parts of the castle remain, should promote the invigoration of the local economy through the inflow of talented people who are able to use historical and cultural resources that city holds by securing urban competitiveness by attracting creative industries related to cultural arts to the city. Third, regarding the castle towns, where the site only remains, and the castle was destroyed, the qualitative improvement should be a prerequisite through providing facilities in response to the basic demand of urban spatial structure, prior to the restoration project of the castle town, and the validity of restoration project should be deliberately examined.
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#Castle Towns Historical and Cultural Assets Small and Medium Sized Cities Urban Spatial Structure
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