Psilothallia is a ceramiaceous red algal. genus that includes three species worldwide: P. dentate, P. siliculosa, and P. striate. The latter two species are limited to Australian waters, and P. dentate occurs in Japan. We here report the detailed morphology of P. dentate, and also determined plastid...
Psilothallia is a ceramiaceous red algal. genus that includes three species worldwide: P. dentate, P. siliculosa, and P. striate. The latter two species are limited to Australian waters, and P. dentate occurs in Japan. We here report the detailed morphology of P. dentate, and also determined plastid protein-coding psbA in P. dentate and putative relatives. Psilothallia dentate is distinguished by compressed thalli with alternate-distichous determinate branchlets, six periaxial cells, rhizoidal filaments in axes, cystocarps with 7-8 involucral filaments, spermatangia on branched filaments, and tetrahedrally divided tetrasporangia on branched filaments. Psilothallia dentate is also unusual in that cystocarps, spermatangial clusters, and tetrasporangial tufts are formed on short adventitious indeterminate branches arising on axils of determinate branchlets. The phylogenetic trees of psbA sequences show that P. dentata was nested in a monophyletic Glade comprising Ptilota, Neoptilota, and Plumaria. This result suggests that the taxonomic position of P. dentate may be transferred from the tribe Rhodocallideae to the Ptiloteae.
Psilothallia is a ceramiaceous red algal. genus that includes three species worldwide: P. dentate, P. siliculosa, and P. striate. The latter two species are limited to Australian waters, and P. dentate occurs in Japan. We here report the detailed morphology of P. dentate, and also determined plastid protein-coding psbA in P. dentate and putative relatives. Psilothallia dentate is distinguished by compressed thalli with alternate-distichous determinate branchlets, six periaxial cells, rhizoidal filaments in axes, cystocarps with 7-8 involucral filaments, spermatangia on branched filaments, and tetrahedrally divided tetrasporangia on branched filaments. Psilothallia dentate is also unusual in that cystocarps, spermatangial clusters, and tetrasporangial tufts are formed on short adventitious indeterminate branches arising on axils of determinate branchlets. The phylogenetic trees of psbA sequences show that P. dentata was nested in a monophyletic Glade comprising Ptilota, Neoptilota, and Plumaria. This result suggests that the taxonomic position of P. dentate may be transferred from the tribe Rhodocallideae to the Ptiloteae.
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가설 설정
Scale barz 1 mm. H, Spermatangial filaments. Scale bar, 200 μm.
제안 방법
0bl0 (Swofford 2002). Full heuristic search was carried out with 1,000 replicates, random addition sequences of taxa, keeping best trees only, holding one tree at each step, tree bisection- reconection (TBR) branch swapping, collapsed of zero length branches and MULTREES on. Bootstrap values (BtMP) were calculated performing 1,000 replicates with following options selected: heuristic search, TBR branch swapping, collapse of zero length branches, random sequence addition with one replicate.
5. The 50% majority rule consensus phylogram of the stationary trees of Psilothallia dentata and relatives reconstructed in the Bayesian analysis of psbA data using the GTR model (Rac = 1-5021, RAG = 2.5101, RAT = 5.4984, Rcc = 0.1158, Rct = 32.4762, RGT = 1) with gammadistributed rate heterogeneity (R = 0.6625) and proportion of invariable sites (I = 0.4657) and different base frequencies (πA = 0.2457, πC = 0.1918, πG =0.1904, πT = 0.3720). Arithmetic mean of estimated marginal likelihood was -2493.
대상 데이터
Whole-mount and sectioned materials were stained with 1% aniline-blue acidified with a drop of 2% hydrochloric acid. Materials observed were collected in Choshi, Japan (P115 and P437). Photographs were taken with a light microscope (Olymphus, Japan).
The PCR products were purified using a High Pure™ PCR Product Purification Kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany)z in accordance with the users' guide. Nucleotide sequences were determined for all taxa using an ABI PRISM™ 377 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster Cityz CAZ USA) at Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea. The forward and reverse sequences for each specimen were edited using the program Sequence Navigator v.
Photographs were taken with a light microscope (Olymphus, Japan). Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Biology (CNUK), Chungnam National University, Daejon, Korea.
이론/모형
Bayesian analysis were conducted with MrBayes v.3.0b4 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003) using the general time reversible (GTR) + the shape parameter of the gamma distribution (「)+ proportion of invariable sites (I) model. This model of sequences evolution was chosen based on results from Modeltest v3.
성능/효과
13% p-distance). However, within the genus Ptilota, P. filicina differed by 1 bp (99.89% sequence identity) from P. phacelocarpoides, which differed by 17 bp (98.1% sequence identity) from an undescribed Ptilota species in Korea (Table 2).
phacerocarpoides from Hokkaido, Japan produced a sister relationship, other Ptilota species formed a polytomous phylogeny. Neoptilota is not monophyletic, N. hypnoides being grouped with Ptilota, and N. asplenioides being basal to the clade of Neoptilota hypnoides, Ptilota, and Psilothalia. Increased sampling within and outside the tribe Ptiloteae will reconsile uncertainty in branches of Ptilota and Neoptilota.
0 Bp and 99% BtMp), whereas other species of the genus produced polytomous relationships. Neoptilota was not monophyletic, having N. hypnoides more related to Ptilota, whereas Neoptilota asplenioides was sister to the clade comprising Ptilota, Neoptilota hypnoides, and Psilothallia. Plumaria was basal to all the Ptiloteae taxa used in the present study.
Thirty-five psbA sequences of Psilothallia dentata and putative relatives were manually aligned due to the lack of length variation between individual sequences. The final alignment of the psbA gene yield 894 bp for 38 taxa including three outgroups.
Psilothallia dentata was consistently basal to the clade of the Ptilota species and Neoptilota hypnoides. Two Japanese species of Ptilota, P. filicina and P. phacelocarpoides, made a strong monophyly (1.0 Bp and 99% BtMp), whereas other species of the genus produced polytomous relationships. Neoptilota was not monophyletic, having N.
후속연구
It is expected that the psbA sequences were identical between two specimens of Psilothallia dentata from different locations in Japan and also among specimens of e.g. Ptilota gunneri from UK and Norway. However, the psbA sequences are variable enough to identify species and genera within the Ptiloteae, as shown in other ceramiaceous red algae (Seo et al.
dentata (currently classified in the tribe Rhodocallideae) and also non-monophyly of each of the genera Ptilota and Neoptilota. The preliminary results presented-here cast several questions about phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Ptiloteae and should be a guide to future studies in the tribe.
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