This is a subsequent study to our previous finding that Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, gained a so-called upper plateau concentration, around 30,000 ng/g dry weight digestive gland for benzo(a)pyrene, showed reproductive behavior but produced their ensuing reproductive outputs damaged. A serial...
This is a subsequent study to our previous finding that Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, gained a so-called upper plateau concentration, around 30,000 ng/g dry weight digestive gland for benzo(a)pyrene, showed reproductive behavior but produced their ensuing reproductive outputs damaged. A serial dilution of sediment elutriates from Jinhae Bay, Korea, where pollution was progressive, were exposed to gametes of the Pacific oyster for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min to detail the pollutant effects on very young specimens. There was an apparent critical dilution over which adverse effects are evident. This was $10\%$ of the present sediment elutriate, corresponding to 0.3 ng/g on the basis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the oyster. Within the dilution the embryonic development was not influenced by the duration of exposure to its gamete stage. At higher dilutions over the critical dilution, occurrence of abnormality increased dependent on the pollutant dilution and the duration of exposure. Similar trends were also found in larval mortality. However, overall, the chemical toxicity was more significant to morphogenesis than to survival, suggesting a potential recruitment of the pollutants-induced abnormal larvae in the wild population to threaten the population integrity.
This is a subsequent study to our previous finding that Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, gained a so-called upper plateau concentration, around 30,000 ng/g dry weight digestive gland for benzo(a)pyrene, showed reproductive behavior but produced their ensuing reproductive outputs damaged. A serial dilution of sediment elutriates from Jinhae Bay, Korea, where pollution was progressive, were exposed to gametes of the Pacific oyster for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min to detail the pollutant effects on very young specimens. There was an apparent critical dilution over which adverse effects are evident. This was $10\%$ of the present sediment elutriate, corresponding to 0.3 ng/g on the basis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the oyster. Within the dilution the embryonic development was not influenced by the duration of exposure to its gamete stage. At higher dilutions over the critical dilution, occurrence of abnormality increased dependent on the pollutant dilution and the duration of exposure. Similar trends were also found in larval mortality. However, overall, the chemical toxicity was more significant to morphogenesis than to survival, suggesting a potential recruitment of the pollutants-induced abnormal larvae in the wild population to threaten the population integrity.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
, 2002). Each gamete sol니tion wasallocated to beakers containing different dilutions of sediment elutriates, 0 (seawater vehicle only), 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100%. The gametes from each dilution were fertilized in the 24-well microplate 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 hr after exposure.
Eggs and sperm of C. gigas exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100% of the sediment elutriates for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively, were fertilized, and the toxic profiles to the embryos were expressed in terms of the survival of D-shaped larvae (bottom of Fig. 1). Overall, the larval survival was less affected by the concentration and duration of the elutriate treated than by larval abnormality.
Eggs and sperm of C. gigas were exposed to 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100% of the sediment elutriates for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, respectively. After the exposure, fertilization was cond니cted to study the toxic effects of sediment elutriates on the embryonic development of C.
For the analysis of PCDDs/DFs and DLPCBs, sediments were extracted with Soxhlet apparatus with toluene for 24 hr, after the spike of internal standards (EPA니613 LCS; PCDDs/DFs and PCB-LCS-A; DLPCBs, Wellington Laboratories, Canada). The extracts were cleaned on a multi-layer silica gel column chromatography containing AgNOj-silica gel, H2SO4- silica gel and KOH-silica gel with 160 mL of n- hexane.
PCDDs/DFs and DLPCBs were analyzed with high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), A SP-2331 capillary column (60 m><0.25 mm ID, 0.25 以m film thickness, J&W Scientific) were used for the separation and detection of PCDDs/DFs.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) in sediments were determined as sediment xenobiotics in this study. Surface sediments (0-5 cm depth) were sampled from a location of Jinhae Bay as a polluted area and from a location in the Sokcho area as a reference site.
Occurrence rates of nonnal D- shaped larva (top) and survival (bottom) in a serial dilution of the ehmiates after gametes exposure to the dilutions for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. Symbols represent cultures containing different dilutions of the elutriates; vacant circle for elutriate-free control, solid circle for 5%, vacant rectan이e for 10%, solid rectangle for 20%, vacant diamond for 50%, and solid diamond for 100% elutriate. Vertical bars stand for mean ± SE.
대상 데이터
Healthy immature spawners of the Pacific oyster, C. gigas, weighing 92.5±18.3 g (mean士SD) total weight, were collected from a local oyster farm in Tongyo니ng, Korea. On arrival at the NFRDI Shellfish Laboratory, the oysters were roughly cleaned by removing the epifaunae from the shells, and then acclimated in aquaria 니nder flowing filtered water for 2 weeks prior to commencement of tfie experiment.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) in sediments were determined as sediment xenobiotics in this study. Surface sediments (0-5 cm depth) were sampled from a location of Jinhae Bay as a polluted area and from a location in the Sokcho area as a reference site. The samples were collected with a box core sampler and then kept frozen at -20 ℃ until extraction.
데이터처리
The statistical analysis was done by a student /-test.
성능/효과
The control solution induced more than 99% normal growth of the embryos. The figure showed a decreasing trend with an increasing percent of sediment elutriate, however, it was not statistically significant up to 10% sediment elutriate added throughout all the durations of exposure. This means that the sediment elutriate was not statistically toxic to embryonic development regardless of the exposure duration within 60 min, provided it comprised less than 10% of the solution.
참고문헌 (39)
Akcha, F., C. lzuel, P. Venier, H. Budzinski, T. Burgeot and J.F. Narbonne. 2000. Enzymatic biomarker measurement and study of DNA adduct formation in benzo(a)pyrene-contaminated mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat. Toxicol., 49, 269-287
Beiras, R. and E. His. 1995. Toxicity of fresh and freeze-dried hydrocarbon-polluted sediments to Crassostrea gigas embryos. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 30, 47-49
Bigger, C.A.H., A. Cheh, F. Latif, R. Fishel, K.A. Canella, G.A. Stafford, H. Yagi, D.M. Jerina and A. Dipple. 1994. DNA strand breaks induced by configurationally isometric hydrocarbon diol epoxides. Drug Metab. Rev., 26, 287-299
Boutet, I., A. Tanguy and D. Moraga. 2004. Response of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas to hydrocarbon contamination under experimental conditions. Gene, 329, 147-157
Cavalieri, E.L., E.G. Rogan, W.J. Murray and N.V.S. Ramakrishna. 1993a. Mechanistic aspects of benzo(a) pyrene metabolism. Poly. Aromat. Comp., 3, 1047-1154
Cavalieri, E.L., E.G. Rogan, N.V.S. Ramakrishna and P.D. Devanesan. 1993b. Mechanisms of benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenzo(a)-anthrancene activation: Qualitative aspects of the stable and depurination DNA adducts obtained from radical cations and diol epoxides. Poly. Aromat. Comp., 3, 725-731
Cheung, C.C.C., G.J. Zheng, A.M.Y. Li, B.J. Richardson and P.K.S. Lam. 2001. Relationship between tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and anti oxidative responses of marine mussels, Perna viridis. Aquat. Toxicol., 52, 189-203
Chu, F.L.E., P. Soudant and R.C. Hale. 2003.Relationship between PCB accumulation and reproductive output in conditioned oysters Crassostrea virginica fed a contaminated algal diet. Aquat. Toxicol., 65, 293-307
Farrington, J.W., E.D. Goldberg, R.W. Risebrough, J.H. Martin and V.T. Bowen. 1983. US 'Mussel Watch' 19761978: An overview of the trace-metal, DDE, PCB, hydrocarbon and artificial radionuclide data. Environ. Sci. Technol., 17, 490-496
Geffard, O., H. Budzinski and E. His. 2002a. The effects of elutriates from PAH and heavy metal polluted sediments on Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) embryogenesis, larval growth and bio-accumulation by the larvae of pollutants from sedimentary origin. Ecotoxicology, II, 403-416
Geffard, O., H. Budzinski, E. His, M.N.L. Seaman and P. Garrigues. 2002b. Relationships between contaminant levels in the marine sediments and their biological effects upon embryos of oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 21, 2310- 2318
Geffard, O., A. Geffard, E. His and H. Budzinski. 2003. Assessment of the bioavailability and toxicity if sediment-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals applied to Crassostrea gigas embryos and larvae. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46, 481-490
Geffard, O., E. His, H. Budzinski, J.F. Chiffoleau, A. Coynel and H. Etcheber. 2004. Effects of storage method and duration on the toxicity of marine sediments to embryos of Crassostrea gigas. Environ. Pollut., 129, 457-465
His, E., M.N.L. Seaman and R. Beiras. 1997. A simplification of the bivalve embryogenesis larval development bioassay method for water quality assessment. Wat. Res., 31, 351-355
Keppler, C. 1997. Expressionof multixenobiotic resistance proteins and total protein in the gills of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. M.S. Thesis, University of Charleston, SC, USA
Krasnoschekova, R., U. Kirso, F. Perin and P. Jacquignon. 1992. Binding of heteropolyarenes to protein. Poly. Aromat. Comp., 3, 41-49
Kurelec, B. and B. Pivcevic. 1991. Evidence for a multixenobiotic resistance mechanism in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Aquat. Toxicol., 19, 291-302
Law, R.J., C.A. Kelly, K.L. Baker, K.H. Langford and T. Bartlett. 2002. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments, mussels and crustacea around a former gasworks site in Shoreham-by-Sea, UK. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 903-911
Livingstone, D.R., R. Arnold, J.K. Chipman, M.A. Kirchin and J. Marsh. 1990. The mixed-function oxygenase system in molluscs: Metabolism, responses to xenobiotics, and toxicity. Oceanis., 16, 331-347
Maccubbin, A.E. 1994. DNA adduct analysis in fish: laboratory and field studies. In: Aquatic Toxicology: Molecular, Biochemical and Cellular Perspectives, Malins, D.C. and G.K. Ostrander, eds. Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 267-294
Mason, R.P. and W.F. Fitzgerald. 1990. Alkylmercury species in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 347, 457-459
McFadzen, I., N. Eufemia, C. Heather, D. Epel, M. Moore and D. Lowe. 1999. Multidrug resistance in the embryos and larvae of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. In: AElskus, A., A.A., Vogelbein, W.K., McLaughlin, and S.M. Kane eds., PRIMO 10 (Pollutant Responses in Marine Organisms), Williamsburg, VA, USA, pp. 93
Melzian, B.D. 1990. Toxicity assessment of dredged materials: acute and chronic toxicity as determined by bioassays and bioaccumulation tests. In: Alzieu, C. and B. Gallenne eds., Proceedings of the International Seminar on Environmental Aspects of Dredging Activities, 27 Novemberl December 1989, Nantes, France, pp. 49-64
Mitchelmore, C.L., B.J. Claudia, K. Chipman and D.R. Livingstone. 1998. Evidence for cytochrome P-450 catalysis and free radical involvement in the production of DNA strand breaks by benzo(a)pyrene and nitroaromatics in mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) digestive gland cells. Aquat. Toxicol., 41, 193-212
Moon, H.B., H.G. Choi, S.S. Kim, S.R. Jeong, P.Y. Lee and G. Ok. 2001. Monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and organisms from Korean coast. J. Fish. Sci. Technol., 4, 219-228
Moon, H.B., H.G. Choi, S.S. Kim, C.K. Kang, P.Y. Lee and G. Ok. 2002. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from thesoutheastern coastal areas of Korea. J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Anal., 5, 41-47
Moon, H.B., S.J. Lee, H.G. Choi and G. Ok. 2004. Deposition flux of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DLPCBs) in urban environment of Busan. J. Kor. Environ. Sci., 6, 157-167
Muir, D.C.G., R.J. Norstrom and M. Simon, 1988. Organochlorine contaminants in arctic food chains: Accumulation of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane- related compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol., 22, 1071-1079
Park, D.W., Q. Jo, H.J. Lim and B. Veron. 2002. Sterol composition of dark-grown Isochrysis galbana and its implication in the seed production of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J. Appl. Phycol., 14, 351-355
Stegeman, J.J., P.J. Kloeper-Sams and J.W. Farrington. 1986. Monooxygenase induction and chlorobiphenyls in the deep-sea fish Coryphaenoides armatus. Science, 231, 1287-1289
Stegeman, J.J. 1985. Benzo(a)pyrene oxidation and microsomal enzyme activity in the mussel (Mytilus edulis) and other bivalve mollusc species from the Western North Atlantic. Mar. Biol., 89, 21-30
Venier, P. and S. Canova. 1996. Formation of DNA adducts in the gill tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis treated with benzo(a)pyrene. Aquat. Toxicol., 34, 119-133
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.