Wiesenborn, Dennis
(Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department, North Dakota State University)
,
Tostenson, Kristi
(Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department, North Dakota State University)
,
Kangas, Nancy
(Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department, North Dakota State University)
,
Zheng, Yun-Ling
(Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department, North Dakota State University)
,
Hall III, Clifford
(Cereal & Food Sciences Dept., North Dakota State University)
,
Niehaus, Mary
(Cereal & Food Sciences Dept., North Dakota State University)
,
Jarvis, Paul
(Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho)
,
Schwarz, Jurgen
(Food Science & Technology Program, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore)
,
Twombly, Wesley
(Northern Crops Institute, North Dakota State University)
Flaxseed is outstanding for lignans and oil rich in ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid which protect against several major illnesses. Better understanding of processing and storage characteristics of flaxseed will increase options for food use. Lignans and oil are found in the hull and embryo, res...
Flaxseed is outstanding for lignans and oil rich in ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid which protect against several major illnesses. Better understanding of processing and storage characteristics of flaxseed will increase options for food use. Lignans and oil are found in the hull and embryo, respectively. Comparison of pearling and impact-dehulling processes for separation of lignan and oil-rich fractions showed the impact process was less effective, but easier to scale-up. Screw-pressing embryo reduced oil yield compared to whole seed, but doubled productivity and sharply reduced frictional heating of the oil. Flaxseed hull and embryo, also whole, ground and steamed-ground samples, were stable up to 30 weeks in closed containers at $23^{\circ}C$. Steamed-ground samples in open trays at $40^{\circ}C$ deteriorated markedly (peroxide value > 100 by 22 weeks); yet, whole seed remained stable. Incorporation of 18% flaxseed embryo into yellow perch feed increased ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid to 13 to l4% of muscle and liver lipids, compared to 0.5 to 0.7% in the no-embryo control. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and survival were similar. These studies are helping to establish the technological base for processing and utilizing flaxseed and flaxseed fractions to improve human diets.
Flaxseed is outstanding for lignans and oil rich in ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid which protect against several major illnesses. Better understanding of processing and storage characteristics of flaxseed will increase options for food use. Lignans and oil are found in the hull and embryo, respectively. Comparison of pearling and impact-dehulling processes for separation of lignan and oil-rich fractions showed the impact process was less effective, but easier to scale-up. Screw-pressing embryo reduced oil yield compared to whole seed, but doubled productivity and sharply reduced frictional heating of the oil. Flaxseed hull and embryo, also whole, ground and steamed-ground samples, were stable up to 30 weeks in closed containers at $23^{\circ}C$. Steamed-ground samples in open trays at $40^{\circ}C$ deteriorated markedly (peroxide value > 100 by 22 weeks); yet, whole seed remained stable. Incorporation of 18% flaxseed embryo into yellow perch feed increased ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid to 13 to l4% of muscle and liver lipids, compared to 0.5 to 0.7% in the no-embryo control. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and survival were similar. These studies are helping to establish the technological base for processing and utilizing flaxseed and flaxseed fractions to improve human diets.
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제안 방법
Fish weight was recorded monthly. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and survival were determined at the completion of the study.
Storage stability study Five different flaxseed preparations were used: whole, intact seed; whole, ground seed (Urschel Comitrol, Valparaiso, IN, USA) (9); hull and embryo fractions from the abrasive system described above; and steam-cooked for 10 min at 100℃ (12), airdried, whole, ground seed. Duplicate 45 g portions per storage interval were placed under two storage conditions: (a) sample placed in a plastic zipper bag inside a brown paper bag, secured with a rubber band, and stored at room temperature (22 to 24℃), and (b) sample placed on a 13 ¥ 13 cm plastic tray open to air at 40℃.
Peroxide value (A) and conjugated dienoic acid content (B)for oil from flaxseed stored at 40℃ in open trays. Treatments were whole, intact flaxseed (filled circle); whole, ground flaxseed (open square); flaxseed hull (open circle); flaxseed embryo (filled square); and steamed, ground flaxseed (filled diamond).
대상 데이터
Materials Flaxseed was of the golden-seeded variety “Omega" produced in North Dakota. Feed ingredients included Special Select Menhaden Meal (Zapata Protein USA, Inc.
Yellow perches (Perea flavescens) were fed for 6 months in 12 tanks at the Northern Aquaculture Center (Carrington, ND, USA). The tanks corresponded to three replicates each of the four different floating-type rations.
데이터처리
Statistical analysis ANOVA. and Duncans Multiple Range Test were performed using the General Linear Model Procedure (SAS System for Windows, release 8.
Statistical analysis ANOVA. and Duncans Multiple Range Test were performed using the General Linear Model Procedure (SAS System for Windows, release 8.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
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