Wang, J.S.
(Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University)
,
Huang, Y.S.
(Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University)
,
Wu, M.C.
(Taiwan Livestock Research Institute)
,
Lai, Y.Y.
(Taiwan Livestock Research Institute)
,
Chang, H.L.
(National Pingtung University of Science and Technology)
,
Young, M.S.
(Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University)
This study presents a non-video, non-invasive, automatic, on-site monitoring system the system employs ultrasonic transducers to detect behavior in sows before, during and after parturition. An ultrasonic transmitting/receiving (T/R) circuit of 40 kHz was mounted above a conventional parturition bed...
This study presents a non-video, non-invasive, automatic, on-site monitoring system the system employs ultrasonic transducers to detect behavior in sows before, during and after parturition. An ultrasonic transmitting/receiving (T/R) circuit of 40 kHz was mounted above a conventional parturition bed. The T/R units use ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) ranging technology to measure the height of the confined sows at eight predetermined locations. From this data, three momentary postures of the sow are determined, characterized as standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP). By examining the frequencies of position switch Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS) between standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting-posture (STP) rate can be determined for the duration of the sow' confinement. Three experimental pureblooded Landrace sows undergoing normal gestation were monitored for the duration of confinement. In agreement with common observation, the sows exhibited increased restlessness as parturition approached. Analysis of the data collected in our study showed a distinct peak in Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS, i.e. the transition from lying laterally to standing up ) and sitting-posture (STP) rate approximately 12 h prior to parturition, the observed peak being 5 to 10 times higher than observed on any other measurement day. It is concluded that the presented methodology is a robust, low-cost, lowlabor method for the continuous remote monitoring of sows and similar large animals for parturition and other behavior. It is suggested that the system could be applied to automatic prediction of sow parturition, with automatic notification of remote management personnel so human attendance at birth could reduce rates of sow and piglet mortality. The results of this study provide a good basis for enhancing automation and reducing costs in large-scale sow husbandry and have applications in the testing of various large mammals for the effects of medications, diets, genetic modifications and environmental factors.
This study presents a non-video, non-invasive, automatic, on-site monitoring system the system employs ultrasonic transducers to detect behavior in sows before, during and after parturition. An ultrasonic transmitting/receiving (T/R) circuit of 40 kHz was mounted above a conventional parturition bed. The T/R units use ultrasonic time-of-flight (TOF) ranging technology to measure the height of the confined sows at eight predetermined locations. From this data, three momentary postures of the sow are determined, characterized as standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP). By examining the frequencies of position switch Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS) between standing-posture (SP), lateral-lying-posture (LLP) and sitting-posture (STP) rate can be determined for the duration of the sow' confinement. Three experimental pureblooded Landrace sows undergoing normal gestation were monitored for the duration of confinement. In agreement with common observation, the sows exhibited increased restlessness as parturition approached. Analysis of the data collected in our study showed a distinct peak in Stand-Up-Sequence (SUS, i.e. the transition from lying laterally to standing up ) and sitting-posture (STP) rate approximately 12 h prior to parturition, the observed peak being 5 to 10 times higher than observed on any other measurement day. It is concluded that the presented methodology is a robust, low-cost, lowlabor method for the continuous remote monitoring of sows and similar large animals for parturition and other behavior. It is suggested that the system could be applied to automatic prediction of sow parturition, with automatic notification of remote management personnel so human attendance at birth could reduce rates of sow and piglet mortality. The results of this study provide a good basis for enhancing automation and reducing costs in large-scale sow husbandry and have applications in the testing of various large mammals for the effects of medications, diets, genetic modifications and environmental factors.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
The methodology is also useful to overall understanding of animal physiology and psychology. In the text of this study, we provide the experimental data that exhibits significant behavior of three pureblooded Landrace sows before parturition to verify this system could operate properly. Furthermore, it confirms the common notion that sows about to enter parturition are uneasy and restless.
Figure 5. Obtained for the frequencies of sitting-posture (STP) count for continuous monitoring of days, taking each 3hr as a unit range-time of the period six days before parturition and period four days after the parturition day. Day 0 is the day ofparturition.
The main contributions of this study including this system is based on a low cost ultrasonic detector that uses a non-video, non-invasive approach to measure large animal behavior and thus overcomes problems regarding adverse environmental conditions such as dust, moisture, foul air and methane in the farrowing room. RS485 technology transmits signals directly from the onsite monitoring system, eliminating the need for humans to manually examine the sows or even visit the farrowing room for monitoring purposes.
The system classifies the changes of measured distance to the sow’s body in the parturition crate bed into three postural types, namely standing-posture (SP), laterallying-posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP).
The eight T/R pairs using ultrasonic ranging technology are able to provide the local distance to the sow’s body. The system classifies the changes of measured distance to the sow’s body in the parturition crate bed into three postural types, namely standing-posture (SP), laterallying-posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP). Through statistics obtained by the presented system for postural changes over the six days before parturition and the four days following, many useful parameters for sow behavior can be determined, as will be elaborated in detail.
This study is concerned with monitoring three characteristic postures, the standing posture (SP), the lateral lying posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP).
Because eight T/R units are used mounted at fixed locations over a sow who remains in a relatively constant relationship to the T/R units, the system measures the sow’s heights at eight pre-determined parts of her body. This study is concerned with monitoring three characteristic postures, the standing posture (SP), the lateral lying posture (LLP) and sitting posture (STP). The summed values of the eight heights were used to determine the posture of the animal.
To avoid these problems, this study has designed a nonvideo recorded, non-invasive, adjustable system that can convert sow behavior into digital information and thus facilitate information analysis, management and application. Figure 1 shows schematically the farrowing crate used in this study.
대상 데이터
, 2002). The ultrasound detectors used in this system are a 400ET-180 transmitter and a 400ER-180 receiver (Huang et al., 1999; Young et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2002). The transmitted wave is a 40 kHz square wave.
This study was conducted with the cooperation of the Taiwan Livestock Research Institute and the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan. The pureblooded Landrace sows undergoing normal gestation were selected for observation in this study.
성능/효과
In this study, a novel methodology for ultrasonic measurement and monitoring of the position of large animals has been applied to sows confined in parturition beds. This study further quantifies this behavior with regard to the rate of postural change from standing to lying, showing that there is a distinct peak in this behavior in the day prior to parturition, this peak in the present data being approximately 12 h prior to the onset of parturition. However, it should be remembered that the rate is calculated as SUS/3-h.
후속연구
This is enough to verify the proposed methodology and to suggest that the methodology is suitable for industrial animal husbandry. However, further work is desired to establish a standard deviation for a large population of Landrace sows, with comparative studies for other breeds.
The strength and reliability of the peak suggest it could be monitored specifically to prediction parturition and automatically notify management so human attendance at the birth could reduce sow and piglet mortality. In the future, this study system will be refined to specifically study the prediction of sow parturition, whether the pregnancy is successful or not as well as sow performance in feeding. We conclude that the methodology used in this study is valuable for parturition behavioral modeling of sows.
The analytical results of this study can enhance benefits of detecting the farrowing-time beforehand sow’s to be on the point of parturition and reduce costs in future large-scale sow husbandry.
We conclude that the methodology used in this study is valuable for parturition behavioral modeling of sows. The analytical results of this study can enhance benefits of detecting the farrowing-time beforehand sow’s to be on the point of parturition and reduce costs in future large-scale sow husbandry. The methodology is also useful to overall understanding of animal physiology and psychology.
참고문헌 (17)
Randall, G. C. B. 1972. Observations on parturition in the sow. I. Factors associated with the delivery of the piglets and their subsequent behavior. Vet. Rec. 90:178.
Breeveld-Dwarkasing, V. N. A., P. C. Struijk, F. Eijkoot, F. K. Lotgering, F. M. F. van Dissel-Emiliani, G. C. van der Weyden and M. A. M. Taverne. 2002. Ultrasonic cervimetry to study the dilatation of the caudal cervix of the cow at parturition. Theriogenology 57:1989-2002.
Singh, N. S., P. G. Gawande, O. P Mishra, R. K. Nema, U. K. Mishra and Mohan Singh. 2004. Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Doe. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17(6):760-768.
Nagaoka, K., H. Yamaguchi, H. Aida, K. Yoshioka, M. Takahashi, R. K. Christenson, K. Imakawa and S. Sskai. 2000. Implantation in Ruminants: Changes in Pre-Implantation, Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, Control of Attachment and Invasion. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 12(6):845-855.
Ryu, Y-H., J.-Y. Yang, D.-S. Seo and Y. Ko. 2003. Effect of Serum IGF-I on Progesterone Concentration during Early Pregnancy in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(1):176-179.
Khan, J. R. and R. S. Ludri. 2002. Changes in Maternal Blood Glucose and Plasma Non-Esterified Fatty Acid during Pregnancy and around Parturition in Twin and Single Fetus Bearing Crossbred Goats. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 15(4):504-508.
Ramirez, A., A. Quiles and M. Sotillo. 1995. Behavior of the Murciano-Granadina goat in the hour before parturition. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 44:29-35.
Gilbert, C. L., A. B. Lawrence, M. L. Forsling, J. A. Goode, T. J. McGrath, K. A. McLean and J. C. Petherick. 1996. Maternal plasma vasopressin, oxytocin and cortisol concentrations following foetal ejection in the pig. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 43:137-150.
Gilbert, C. L., M. I. Boulton, J. A. Goode and T. J. McGrath. 2000. The timing of parturition in the pig is altered by intravenous naloxone. Theriogenology 53:905-923.
Knight, T. W., A. F. Death and T. K. Wyeth. 1995. Photoperiodic control of the time of parturition in alpacas (Lama pacos). Anim. Reprod. Sci. 39:259-265.
Pinheiro Machado, F. L., C. J. F. Hurnik and G. J. King. 1997. Timing of the attraction towards the placenta and amniotic fluid by the parturient cow. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 53:183-192.
Wechsler, B. and D. Hegglin. 1997. Individual differences in behaviour of sows at the nest-site and the crushing of piglets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 51:39-49.
Pedersen, L. J., M. Studnitz, K. H. Jensen and A. M. Giersing. 1998. Suckling behaviour of piglets in relation to accessibility to the sow and presence foreign litters. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58:267-279.
Young, M. S., C. W. Young and Y. C. Li. 2000. A combined system for measuring motion activities. J. Neuroscience Methods 95:55-63.
Liu, T. J. and M. S. Young. 2002. Eliminating contaminant with a piezoelectric transducer in the design of low-cost smart kitchen range hoods. J. IEEE Sensor. 2:314-321.
Carullo, A. and M. Parvis. 2001. An ultrasonic sensor for distance measurement in automotive applications. J. IEEE Sensors. 1:143-147.
Huang, C. F. and M. S. Young. 1999. Multiple-frequency continuous wave ultrasonic system for accurate distance measurement. Rev. Sci. Instru. 70:1452-1458.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.