Ure, A.L.
(Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University)
,
Dhiman, T.R.
(Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University)
,
Stern, M.D.
(Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota)
,
Olson, K.C.
(Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University)
The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each per...
The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.
The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
가설 설정
Animal and experimental procedures : Three lactating Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 3x3 Latin square arrangement oftreatments to study the influence of feeding treated extruded SBM on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Cows were fed ESM, LSM, or CLSM treatment diets from experiment 1. The total duration ofthe experiment was 9 wk with three periods of 3 wk each. Two weeks were allowed in each period for diet adaptation and measurements were made during the last week in each period.
Animal and experimental procedures : Three lactating Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 3x3 Latin square arrangement oftreatments to study the influence of feeding treated extruded SBM on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Cows were fed ESM, LSM, or CLSM treatment diets from experiment 1. The total duration ofthe experiment was 9 wk with three periods of 3 wk each. Two weeks were allowed in each period for diet adaptation and measurements were made during the last week in each period.
, 1989; Drackley and Elliott, 1993). We hypothesized that if protein depression as a result offeeding supplemental fat is due to the negative effects of fat in the rumen, then protecting fat from ruminal biohydrogenation by adding calcium oxide may alleviate the depression in milk protein content and enhance protein yield. However, results from the present study suggest that protecting fat in the CSLM treatment did not improve protein yield, but rather decreased it (Table 4).
제안 방법
Animal and experimental procedures : Three lactating Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannulae were used in a 3x3 Latin square arrangement oftreatments to study the influence of feeding treated extruded SBM on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Cows were fed ESM, LSM, or CLSM treatment diets from experiment 1.
Apparent digestibility of NDF, expressed as a coefficient, was computed as the difference between NDF intake and the amount of NDF excreted in feces divided by NDF intake. The fecal output was calculated by multiplying feed DM intake by 1 minus fractional feed DM digestibility on an individual cow basis.
milk weights were recorded. During the last week of each period, milk samples were collected from individual cows on three consecutive days (three morning and three evening milkings over a period of 72 h). Milk samples from individual cows were analyzed at the Rocky Mountain Dairy Herd Improvement Association Laboratory (Logan, Utah, USA) for fat, protein, and lactose contents with near mid-infrared procedures using a Bentley 2000 (Bentley Instruments, Chaska, Minneapolis, USA).
Feed DM and NDF digestibility coefficients were measured during the last week in each period using acidinsoluble ash as an internal marker (Van Keulen and Young, 1977). Fecal grab samples (200 to 300 g fresh basis) were collected from individual cows at 05：00, 10：00, 16：00, and 22:00 h on day 20 and at 03:00, 08:00, 13:00, and 19:00 h on day 21 of each period.
Feed DM and NDF digestibility coefficients were measured during the last week in each period using acidinsoluble ash as an internal marker (Van Keulen and Young, 1977). Fecal grab samples (200 to 300 g fresh basis) were collected from individual cows at 05：00, 10：00, 16：00, and 22:00 h on day 20 and at 03:00, 08:00, 13:00, and 19:00 h on day 21 of each period.
One of our objectives was to enhance the supply of protein to dairy cows through lignosulfonate-treated SBM using extrusion technology and thereby increase the yields of milk and protein. However, cows fed treated SBM produced less milk protein than cows fed untreated SBM (Table 4), suggesting that we failed to increase the supply of protein by treating SBM.
대상 데이터
Caine Dairy Teaching and Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. The experimental design was a replicated 3x3 Latin square. The duration of the experiment was 9 wk, with periods of 3 wk each.
Caine Dairy Teaching and Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. The experimental design was a replicated 3x3 Latin square. The duration of the experiment was 9 wk, with periods of 3 wk each.
The study was conducted from August through October 2002 at the George B. Caine Dairy Teaching and Research Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA. The experimental design was a replicated 3x3 Latin square.
이론/모형
Data were analyzed as a replicated 3x3 Latin square arrangement of treatments using the mixed models procedures of SAS (1999-2000). The mixed model used for analyzing production variables in experiment 1 included block, cow within block, period, treatment, period x block interaction, block x treatment interaction, and residual error.
Data were analyzed as a replicated 3x3 Latin square arrangement of treatments using the mixed models procedures of SAS (1999-2000). The mixed model used for analyzing production variables in experiment 1 included block, cow within block, period, treatment, period x block interaction, block x treatment interaction, and residual error.
During the last week of each period, milk samples were collected from individual cows on three consecutive days (three morning and three evening milkings over a period of 72 h). Milk samples from individual cows were analyzed at the Rocky Mountain Dairy Herd Improvement Association Laboratory (Logan, Utah, USA) for fat, protein, and lactose contents with near mid-infrared procedures using a Bentley 2000 (Bentley Instruments, Chaska, Minneapolis, USA). An enzymatic procedure was used to determine milk urea nitrogen using a Chemspec 150 instrument (Bentley Instruments).
Crude protein was determined using the macro Kjeldahl procedure as described previously. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF were determined with the ANKOM200 (ANKOM Technology Corporation, Fairport, New York, USA), using the basic procedure of Van Soest et al. (1991). Sodium sulfite was not used in the procedure for NDF determination, but pre-treatment with heat stable amylase (Type XI-A from Bacillus subtilis; Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St.
The rumen fluid samples collected for ammonia analysis were thawed and centrifuged at 30,000x g for 20 min at 4°C. Supernatants were analyzed for ammonia using an alkaline phenolhypochloride colorimetric procedure (Chaney and Marbach, 1962) on a Beckman DU®640 Spectrophotometer (Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, California, USA). Acidified ruminal fluid samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph (Erwin et al.
The rumen fluid samples collected for ammonia analysis were thawed and centrifuged at 30,000x g for 20 min at 4°C. Supernatants were analyzed for ammonia using an alkaline phenolhypochloride colorimetric procedure (Chaney and Marbach, 1962) on a Beckman DU®640 Spectrophotometer (Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, California, USA). Acidified ruminal fluid samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph (Erwin et al.
Each treated SBM was also tested for heat damaged protein using acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) as a criterion for evaluation. The ADICP was determined by performing the macro Kjeldahl nitrogen test using AOAC Official method 954.01 (AOAC 2000) with a Kjeltec digestor 20 and Kjeltec System 1026 distilling unit (Tecator AB, Hoganas, Sweden) on feed acid detergent fiber residue. Acid detergent insoluble crude protein is considered to be both undegradable in the rumen and indigestible in the small intestine.
성능/효과
Feeding, animal management, and procedures for feed and milk sample collections, analyses, and calculations were the same as in experiment 1. Milk samples were analyzed for composition as described in experiment 1; however, fatty acid analysis of milk was not conducted in experiment 2. At the start of the experiment, cows averaged 202±86 d in milk and were producing 29±6 kg of milk/d. Average BW of the cows at the beginning of the experiment was 787±39 kg.
In experiment 2, daily feed DMI ranged from 20.9 to 21.5 kg/d across all three treatments and did not differ (p>0.05) among them. Intakes and apparent total tract digestibility of DM and NDF were also not different (p>0.
후속연구
We reject the hypothesis that feeding treated, twice-extruded SBM will enhance the protein yield or content of milk. However, based on the findings of the current study, there appears to be a potential for further research in the area of protecting the unsaturated fatty acid portion of full-fat extruded soybeans in order to enhance milk production and avoid milk fat depression that is commonly seen when feeding high levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the diet.
참고문헌 (34)
Abel-Caines, S. F., R. J. Grant, T. J. Klopfenstein, T. Winowiski and N. Barney. 1998. Influence of nonenzymatically browned soybeans on ruminal fermentation and lactational performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1036-1045.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edn, Vol. 1. Ed. W. Horwitz. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. p. 20.
Bowman, J. M., D. G. Grieve, J. G. Buchanan-Smith and G. K. Macleoo. 1988. Response of dairy cows in early lactation to sodium hydroxide-treated soybean meal. J. Dairy Sci. 71:982-989.
Broderick, G. A. 1986. Relative value of solvent and expeller soybean meal for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2948-2958.
Calsamiglia, S. and M. D. Stern. 1995. Three-step in vitro procedure for estimating intestinal digestion of protein in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1459-1465.
Chaney, A. L. and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130-132.
DePeters, E. J., S. J. Taylor and R. L. Baldwin. 1989. Effect of dietary fat in isocaloric rations on the nitrogen content of milk from Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2949-2957.
Dhiman, T. R., J. Kleinmans, N. J. Tessmann, H. D. Radloff and L. D. Satter. 1995. Digestion and energy balance in lactating dairy cows fed varying ratios of alfalfa silage and grain. J. Dairy Sci. 78:330-341.
Dhiman, T. R., G. R. Anand, L. D. Satter and M. W. Pariza. 1999. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2146-2156.
Dhiman, T. R., M. S. Zaman, I. S. MacQueen and R. L. Boman. 2002. Influence of corn processing and frequency of feeding on cow performance. J. Dairy Sci. 85:217-226.
Drackley, J. K. and J. P. Elliott. 1993. Milk composition, ruminal characteristics, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows fed partially hydrogenated tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 76:183-196.
Erwin, E. S., G. J. Marco and E. M. Emery. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci. 44:1768-1771.
Faldet, M. A. and L. D. Satter. 1991. Feeding heat-treated soybeans to cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3047-3054.
Griinari, J. M., D. A. Dwyer, M. A. McGuire, D. E. Bauman, D. L. Palmquist and K. V. V. Nurmela. 1998. Trans-Octadecenoic acids and milk fat depression in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1251-1261.
Grummer, R. R. 1988. Influence of prilled fat and calcium salt of palm oil fatty acids on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3244-3257.
Mansfield, H. R. and M. D. Stern. 1994. Effects of soybean hulls and lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on ruminal fermentation in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1070-1083.
Mohamed, O. E., L. D. Satter, R. R. Grummer and F. R. Ehle. 1988. Influence of dietary cottonseed and soybean on milk production and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2677-2688.
Nakamura, T., T. J. Klopfenstein, F. G. Owen, R. A. Britton, R. J. Grant and T. S. Winowiski. 1992. Nonenzymatically browned soybean meal for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3519-3523.
NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 7th Ed. National Academy Press., Washington, DC.
Roe, M. B. and C. J. Sniffen. 1990. Techniques for measuring protein fractions in feedstuffs. In: Cornell Nutrition Conference Proceedings, Ithaca, New York. pp. 81-88.
Santos, F. A. P., J. F. P. Santos, C. B. Theurer and J. T. Huber. 1998. Effects of rumen-undegradable protein on dairy cow performance: A 12-year literature review. J. Dairy Sci. 81:3182-3213.
SAS. 1999-2000. $SAS/STAT^{\circledR}$ User’s guide (Release 8.1). SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
Schingoethe, D. J., D. P. Casper, C. Yang, D. J. Illg, J. L. Sommerfeldt and C. R. Mueller. 1988. Lactational response to soybean meal, heated soybean meal, and extruded soybeans with ruminally protected methionine. J. Dairy Sci. 71:173-180.
Schwab, C. G. 1995. Protected proteins and amino acids for ruminants. In: Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding (Ed. R. J. Wallace and A. Chesson). V. C. H. Press, Weinheim, Germany. pp. 115-141.
Stern, M. D., G. A. Varga, J. H. Clark, J. L. Firkins, J. T. Huber and D. L. Palmquist. 1994. Evaluation of chemical and physical properties of feeds that affect protein metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 77:2762-2786.
Tyrrell, H. F. and J. T. Reid. 1965. Prediction of the energy value of cow’s milk. J. Dairy Sci. 48:1215-1223.
Van Keulen, J. and B. A. Young. 1977. Evaluation of acidinsoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Dairy Sci. 44:282-287.
Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.
Vanzant, E. S., R. C. Cochran and E. C. Titgemeyer. 1998. Standardization of in situ techniques for ruminant feedstuff evaluation. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2717-2729.
Windschitl, P. M. and M. D. Stern. 1988a. Effects of urea supplementation of diets containing lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal on bacterial fermentation in continuous culture of ruminal contents. J. Anim. Sci. 66:2948-2958.
Windschitl, P. M. and M. D. Stern. 1988b. Evaluation of calcium lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal as a source of rumen protected protein for dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 71:3310-3322.
Wu, Z. and J. T. Huber. 1994. Relationship between dietary fat supplementation and milk protein concentration in lactating cows: A review. Livest. Prod. Sci. 39:141-155.
Yu, P., S. Tamminga, A. R. Egan and D. A. Christensen. 2004. Probing equivocal effects of heat processing of legume seeds on performance of ruminants - A review. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:869-876.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.