$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

Free-range Poultry Production - A Review 원문보기

Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, v.18 no.1, 2005년, pp.113 - 132  

Miao, Z.H. (Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus) ,  Glatz, P.C. (Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus) ,  Ru, Y.J. (Livestock Systems, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Prac...

주제어

#Forage   #Nutrient Requirement   #Poultry Husbandry   #Animal Welfare   #Free-range Egg   #Free-range Meat  

참고문헌 (125)

  1. Aerni, V., H. EL-Lethey and B. Wechsler. 2000. Effect of foraging material and food form on feather pecking in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 41:16-21. 

  2. Albentso, M. and C. Nicol. 2001. Avoidance of a novel object is not predictive of feather pecking behaviour in ISA Brown laying hens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 198-202. 

  3. Allen, J. and G. C. Perry. 1975. Feather pecking and cannibalism in a caged layer flock. Br. Poult. Sci. 16:441-451. 

  4. Ambrosen, T. and V. E. Petersen. 1997. The influence of protein level in the diet on cannibalism and quality of plumage of layers. Poult. Sci. 76:559-563. 

  5. Appleby, M .C., B. O. Hughes and G. S. Hogarth. 1989. Behaviour of laying hens in a deep litter house. Br. Poult. Sci. 30:545-553. 

  6. Armstrong, B. and J. P. Cermak. 1989. Review of some developments in animal housing systems-pigs and poultry. Br. Vet. J. 145:426-435. 

  7. Barbut, S. 1998. Estimating the magnitude of the PSE problem in poultry. J. Muscle Foods. 9:35-49. 

  8. Barnett, J. L. 1999. Evaluation of alternative egg laying production systems in Europe. A Travel Report presented to the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia. 

  9. Barnett, J. L. 2001. Egg industry welfare audit. A report to Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria, Australia. 

  10. Bartussek, K. 1999. A review of the animal needs index (ANI) for the assessment of animals' well-being in the housing systems for Austrian proprietary products and legislation. Livestock Prod. Sci. 61:179-192. 

  11. Blokhuis, H. J. 1986. Feather-pecking in poultry: its relation with ground-pecking. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 16:63-67. 

    상세보기 crossref

  12. Blokhuis, H. J. and J. G. Arkes. 1984. Some observations on the development of feather-pecking in poultry. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 12:145-157. 

  13. Blokhuis, H. J. and A. Beutler. 1992. Feather pecking damage and tonic immobility response in two lines of white leghorn hens. J. Anim. Sci. 70:170. 

  14. Bogdanov, I. A. 1997. Seasonal effects on free-range egg production. World Poultry-Misset 13:47-49. 

  15. Brambell, F. W. R. 1965. Report of the technical committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. Command Paper No. 2836 HMSO, London. 

  16. Bundy, D. A. P. and M. H. N. Golden. 1987. The impact of host nutrition on gastrointestinal helminth populations. Parasitology 95:623-635. 

  17. Choct, M., S. Hartini, G. Hinch and J. V. Nolan. 2002. Dietary prevention of cannibalism in layers. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 14:157. 

  18. Choct, M. and R. J. van Barneveld. 1995. Long-chain hydrocarbons as a marker for digestibility studies in monogastric species. In: Manipulating Pig Production V. (Ed. D. P. Hennessy and P. D. Cranwell). Australian Pig Science Association. p. 34. 

  19. Coppock, J. B. M. and N. W. R. Daniels. 1962. Influence of diet and husbandry on the nutritional value of the hen's egg. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 13:459-467. 

  20. Cowan, P. J. and W. Michie. 1977. Environmental temperature and choice feeding of the broiler. Br. J. Nutr. 40:311-315. 

  21. Cumming, R. B., W. Ball and J. V. Nolan. 1998. Mortality patterns in Australian and imported laying hens. Proc. Aust. Poult. Sci. Sym. 10:168-171. 

  22. Daghir, N. J. 2001. Replacement pullet and layer feeding and management in hot climates. In: Poultry Production in Hot Climates. (Ed. N. J. Daghir), CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp. 219-253. 

  23. Dahl, C., A. Permin, J. P. Christensen, M. Bisgaard, A. P. Muhairwa, K. M. D. Petersen, J. S. D. Poulsen and A. L. Jensen. 2002. The effect of concurrent infections with Pasteurella multocida and Ascaridia galli on free-range chickens. Vet. Microbio. 86:313-324 

    상세보기 crossref

  24. De Jong, J. J. 1963. The quality of the consumption egg. Wld's Poult. Sci. J. 19:272-282. 

  25. Dingle, J. G. and Y. L. Henuk. 2002. Biobalanced feed management systems in family and free-range poultry farming systems can be more economic than cage feeding systems. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 500-501. 

  26. Dove, H. and R. W. Mayes. 1991. The use of plant wax alkanes as marker substances in studies of the nutrition of herbivores: a review. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 42:913-952. 

  27. Dove, H. and A. D. Moore. 1995. Using a least-squares optimisation procedure to estimate botanical composition based on the alkanes of plant cuticular wax. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 46:1535-1544. 

  28. Dun, P. 1992. Cages are at present still the best system for egg producers. Wld. Poult. 8:28-31. 

  29. Dunn, A. A., D. J. Kilpatrick and N. F. S. Gault. 1993. Influence of ultimate pH, sarcomere length and cooking loss on the textual variability of cooked M. Pectoralis major from free-range and standard broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 34:663-657. 

  30. Emmans, G. G. 1974. The effect of temperature on the performance of laying hens. In: Energy Requirements of Poultry. (Ed. T. R. Morris and B. M. Freeman), Edinburgh, British Poultry Science Ltd. pp. 79-90. 

  31. Fiks-van Niekerk, Th. G. C. M. 2001. Organic poultry farming: a small but growing concept. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp.35-37. 

  32. Folsch, D. W., H. U. Huber, U. Bolter and L. Gozzoli. 1988. Research on alternatives to the battery system for laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 20:29-45. 

  33. FREPA 1998. Free-Range Egg Production Standards, 1998. Free-Range Egg and Poultry Association of Victoria Inc. 

  34. Gibson, S. W., P. Dun, G. Hogarth, J. A. Anderson, C. T. Whittemore and B. O. Hughes. 1984. Contemporary alternative systems for laying fowls: production data and behavioural findings. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod. Winter Meeting 1984, Paper No. 64. 

  35. Gilbert, A. B. 1971. The Ovary. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. (Ed. D. J. Bell and B. M. Freeman), Academic press, London, New york. Vol. 3 pp. 1163-1208. 

  36. Glatz, P. C. 2000. Beak trimming methods-a review. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13:1619-1637. 

  37. Glatz, P. C. 2001. Effect of cool drinking water on feed intake and shell quality of laying hens in summer. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14(6):850-854. 

    원문보기 상세보기 crossref

  38. Glatz, P. C. 2003. The effect of beak length and condition on food intake and feeding behaviour of hens. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 2(1):53-57. 

    상세보기 crossref

  39. Glatz, P. C. and Y. J. Ru. 2001. Eco shelter housing of free-range poultry integrated into a pasture/crop rotation system in the wheat belt of Australia. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 2001 (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). September 1-4, 2001. Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 299-301. 

  40. Glatz, P. C. and Y. J. Ru. 2002. Free-range poultry in a pasture/crop rotation system. Proceedings 2002 Poultry Information Exchange 14-16 April 2002. Poultry Information Exchange Association Inc. Caboolture Queensland, Australia. pp. 7-10. 

  41. Green, L. E., K. Lewis, A. J. Kimpton and C. J. Nicol. 2000. A cross sectional survey of the prevalence of feather pecking in laying hens and its association with management and disease. Veterinary Records 147:233-238. 

  42. Gregory, N. G., L. J. Wilkins, S. D. Eleperuma, A. J. Ballantyne and N. D. Overfield. 1990. Broken bones in domestic fowls: Effect of husbandry system and stunning method in end-of lay hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 31:59-69. 

  43. Hadoorn, R. and H. Wiedmer. 2001. Effects of whole-wheat feeding and different aviary systems on the development of white and brown growing pullets. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 319-321. 

  44. Hadoorn, R., A. Gloor and H. Wiedmer. 2001. Effect of dietary magnesium and crude fibre content on performance, mortality rate and plumage condition of brown laying hens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 315-318. 

  45. Hill, A. 1985. Alternative systems of egg production. Anim. Prod. 40:530. 

  46. Hocking, P. M., C. E. Channing and R. B. Jones. 2001. Genetic study of behavioural traits related to feather pecking. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 203-208. 

  47. Hofner, M. and D. W. Folsch. 2001. Optimizing free-range systems for laying hens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 38-40. 

  48. Holmes, D. C., J. H. Simmons and J. O. G. Tatton. 1969. Pesticide residues in food stuffs in Great Britain. XII. Organochlorine insecticide residues in hens' eggs from battery, deep-litter and free-range systems and from houses containing insecticide thermal vaporisers. J. Sci. Food Agric. 20:495-498. 

  49. Horning, B., T. Ingensand and G. Trei. 2001. On-farm assessment of housing conditions for laying hens using two scoring systems (Tiergerechtheitsindex TGI 35 L and TGI 200). Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 2001 (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Swiss Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association. Switzerland. pp. 82-85. 

  50. Huber-Eicher, B. and B. Wechsler. 1997. Feather pecking in domestic chicks: its relation to dustbathing and foraging. Anim. Behav. 54:757-768. 

  51. Hughes, B. O. 1984. The principles underlying choice feeding behaviour in fowls-with special reference to production experiments. Wld's Poult. Sci. J. 40:141-150. 

    상세보기 crossref

  52. Hughes, B. O. and P. Dun. 1983. A comparison of laying stock housed intensively in cages and outside on the range. Years 1981-1983. Research and Development Publication No. 18. Ayr, West of Scotland Agricultural College. 

  53. Hughes, B. O., P. Dun and C. C. McCorquodale. 1985. Shell strength of eggs from medium-bodied hybrid hens housed in cages or on range in outside pens. Br. Poult. Sci. 26:129-136. 

  54. Hughes, B. O. and I. J. H. Duncan. 1972. The influence of strain and environmental factors upon feather pecking and cannibalism in fowls. Br. Poult. Sci. 13:525-547. 

  55. Huque, Q. M. E. 1999. Free communication No. 12 (Coordinator: E. F. Gueye). First INFPD/FAO Electronic conference on family poultry, December 7, 1998-March 5, 1999. 

  56. Huque, Q. M. E. 2002. People fight poverty with poultry: strategies for family poultry in developing countries. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 565-572. 

  57. Johnsen, P. F. and H. H. Kristensen. 2001. Effect of brooder quality on the early development of feather pecking behaviour in domestic chicks. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 209-212. 

  58. Jones, R.B., C. Ruschak, and L. Facchin. 2001. Familiar odours can reassure domestic chicks. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 219-223. 

  59. Kass, M. L., P. J. van Soest, W. G. Pond, B. Lewis and R. E. McDowell. 1980. Utilisation of dietary fibre from alfalfa by growing swine. 2. Volatile fatty acid concentrations in and disappearance from the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 50:192-197. 

  60. Keeling, L., B. O. Hughes and P. Dun. 1988. Performance of freerange laying hens in a polythene house and their behaviour on range. Farm Building Progress 94:21-28. 

  61. Keppler, C. and D. W. Folsch. 2000. Locomotive behaviour of hens and cocks (Gallus gallus f. dom)-Implication for housing systems. Archiv Fur Tierzucht-Archives of Anim. Breeding 43:184-188. 

  62. Keppler, C., K. Lange, E. Stroble and D. W. Folsch. 2001a. A comparative study of the influence of breed on feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hens (gallus f. dom) in alternative rearing and husbandry systems including feeding aspects. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 289-291. 

  63. Keppler, C., K. Lange, I. Weiland and D. W. Folsch. 2001b. The expression of natural nesting behaviour is important for egg production and for the prevention of cannibalism. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 349-352. 

  64. Keutgen, H., S. Wurm and S. Ueberschar. 1999. Pathologic changes in end-of-lay hens with regards to different housing systems. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 106:127-133. 

  65. Kim-Madslien, F. B. and C. J. Nicol. 1998. Ground pecking deprivation and frustration: a comparison of their effects on feather pecking. Proceeding of the 32nd International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology, Clermond-Ferrand, France. p. 177. 

  66. Kim-Madslien, F. B. and C. J. Nicol. 2001. Frustration and stress as causal factors of feather pecking. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 213-216. 

  67. Kjaer, B. J. 2001. Genetic aspects of feather pecking and cannibalism. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. 189-197. 

  68. Kjaer, J. B. and P. Sorensen. 2002. Feather pecking and cannibalism in free-range laying hens as affected by genotype, dietary level of methionine+cystine, light intensity during rearing and age at first access to range area. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 76:21-39. 

  69. Kjaer, J. B., P. Sorensen and G. Su. 2001. Divergent selection of feather pecking behaviour in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71:229-239. 

  70. Koene, P., P. Zimmerman, E. Bokkers and B. Rodenburg. 2001. Vocalisation due to frustration in layer and broiler chickens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 95-100. 

  71. Korte, S. M., G. Beuving, W. Ruesink and H. J. Blokhuis. 1997. Plasma catecholamine and corticosterone levels during manual restraint in chicks from a high and low feather pecking line of laying hens. Phys. Behav. 62(3):437-441. 

  72. Leyendecker, M., H. Hamann, J. Hartung, J. Kamphues, C. Ring, G. Glunder, C. Ahlers, I. Sander, U. Neumann and O. Distl. 2001a. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions between layer lines and hen housing systems for performance traits, egg quality and bone breaking strength-3rd communication: Bone breaking strength. Zuchtungskunde 73:387-398. 

  73. Leyendecker, M., H. Hamann, J. Hartung, J. Kamphues, C. Ring, G. Glunder, C. Ahlers, I. Sander, U. Neumann and O. Distl. 2001b. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions between layer lines and hen housing systems for performance traits, egg quality and bone breaking strength - 2nd communication: Egg quality traits. Zuchtungskunde, 73:308-323. 

  74. Lopez-Bote, C. J., R. Sanz Arias, A. I. Rey, A. Castano, B. Isabel and J. Thos. 1998. Effect of free-range feeding on n-3 fatty acid and a-tocopherol content and oxidative stability of eggs. Anim. Feed Sci. Techn. 72:33-40. 

  75. Magwisha, H. B., A. A. Kassuku, N. C. Kyvsgaard and A. Permin. 2001. A comparison of the prevalence and burdens of helminth infections in growers and adult free-range chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production 34:205-214. 

  76. Manser, C. E. 1996. Effects of lighting on the welfare of domestic poultry: a review. Anim. Welfare 5:341-350. 

  77. Maphosa, T., J. Kusina, N. T. Kusina, S. M. Makusa and S. Sibanda. 2002. Effects of housing on chick mortality in the Nharira-Lancashire smallholder area, Zimbabwe. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 506-509. 

  78. Martin, T. 1999. The animal health status of Tokelau. Secretariat of the Pacific community; New Caledonia 17. 

  79. McBride, G., I. P. Parer and F. Foenander. 1969. The social organisation and behaviour of feral domestic fowl. Anim. Behav. Monographs 2:125-181. 

  80. McMaster, H. 1999. Australian Egg Industry Association Inc., Memorandum, August. 

  81. Michael, E. and D. A. P. Bundy. 1991. The effect of the protein content of CBA/Ca mouse diet on the population dynamics of Trichuris muris (Nematoda) in primary infection. Parasitology. 103:403-411. 

  82. Mostert, B. E., E. H. Bowes and J. C. van der Walt. 1995. Influence of different housing systems on the performance of hens of four laying strains. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 25:80-86. 

  83. Mowbray, R. M. and A. H. Sykes. 1971. Egg production in warm environmental temperatures. Br. Poult. Sci. 12:25-29. 

  84. Neal, M. W. 1956. Cannibalism, pick-outs and methionine. Poult. Sci. 35:10-13. 

    상세보기 crossref

  85. Nessar, M. H. 2002. Developing family poultry production in Afghanistan. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 410-411. 

  86. Nicol, C. J., K. Lewis, C. Poetzsch and L. E. Green. 2001. A casecontrol study investigating factors for feather pecking in freerange hens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. pp. 244-249. 

  87. Norgaard-Nielsen, G., K. Vestergaard and H. B. Simonsen. 1993. Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on feather damage in laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 38:345-352. 

  88. North, M. O. and D. D. Bell. 1990. Lighting management. In: Commercial Chicken Production Manual. (Ed. M. O. North and D. D. Bell), An AVI Book. Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. pp. 407-431. 

  89. NRC. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

  90. Ojeniyi, A. A. 1985. Comparative bacterial drug resistance in modern battery and free-range poultry in a tropical environment. Vet. Record 117:11-12. 

    상세보기 crossref

  91. Payne, C. G. 1966. Environmental temperatures and egg production. In: Physiology of the Domestic Fowl (Ed. C. Horton-Smith and E. C. Amoroso). Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd. pp. 235-241. 

  92. Pennycott, T. W. and F. Steel. 2001. Parasitic worms in commercial free-range poultry flocks in England and Wales. Vet. Record 149:428. 

  93. Permin, A., P. Nansen, M. Bisgaard and F. Frandsen. 1998. Ascaridia galli infections in free-range layers fed on diets with different protein contents. Br. Poult. Sci. 39:441-445. 

  94. Permin, A., M. Bisgaard, E. Frandsen, M. Pearman, J. Kold and P. Nansen. 1999. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helmiths in different poultry production systems. Br. Poult. Sci. 40:439-443. 

  95. Permin, A. and H. Ranvig. 2001. Genetic resistance to Ascaridia galli infections in chickens. Vet. Parasito. 102:101-111. 

  96. Permin, A., J. B. Esmann, C. H. Hoj, T. Hove and S. Mukaratirwa. 2002. Ecto-, endo- and haemoparasites in free-range chickens in the Goromonzi District in Zimbabwe. Preventive Vet. Med. 54:213-224. 

  97. Portsmouth, J. 2000. The nutrition of free-range layers. Wld. Poult. 16:16-18. 

  98. Preisinger, R. 2001. Breeding the perfect hen for organic farming: possibilities and limits. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 2001 (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Swiss Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association. Switzerland. pp. 44-46. 

  99. Rodriguez, L. J. 2002. Strategies to improve village poultry production in SE Asia; Increasing the brooding capacity of local Khmer hens managed in a semi-scavenging system. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 573-582. 

  100. Ru, Y. J., Z. H. Miao, P. C. Glatz and M. Choct. 2002. Predicting feed intake of fallow deer (Dama Dama) using alkanes as a marker. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 15:209-212. 

  101. Sainsbury, D. 2000. The environmental requirements of poultry. In: Poultry Health and Management (chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, quail). (Ed. D. Sainsbury), Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 44-55. 

  102. Savory, C. J. 1989. The importance of invertebrate food to chicks of gallinaceous species. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 48:113-133. 

    상세보기 crossref

  103. Savory, C. J. and J. S. Mann. 1997. Behavioural development in groups of pen-housed pullets in relation to genetic strain, age and feed form. Br. Poult. Sci. 38:38-47. 

  104. Savory, C. J., D. G. M. Wood-Gush and I. J. H. Duncan. 1978. Feeding behaviour of in a population of domestic fowls in the wild. Appl. Anim. Etho. 4:13-27. 

  105. SCARM. 1995. Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals. Domestic Poultry. Standing Committee of Agriculture and Resource Management. CSIRO Publications. Vic. Australia. 

  106. Scott, M. L., M. C. Nesheim and R. J. Young. 1982. Nutrition of the Chicken. Scott, M. L. & Associates. Ithaca, New York. 

  107. Shellabarger, C. J. 1953. Observations of the pineal in the White Leghorn capon and cockerel. Poult. Sci. 32:189-197. 

    상세보기 crossref

  108. Simonsen, H. B., K. Vestergaard and P. Willeberg. 1980. Effect of floor type and density on the integument of egg-layers. Poult. Sci. 59:2202-2206. 

  109. Simopoulos, A. P., N. Salem. Jr. 1992. Egg yolk as a source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:411-414. 

  110. Siren, M. J. 1963. Cannibalism in cockerels and pheasants. Acta Vet. Scand. 4(Suppl.):1-48. 

  111. Smith, A. H., W. O. Wilson and J. G. Brown. 1954. Composition of eggs from individual hens maintained under controlled environments. Poult. Sci. 33:898-908. 

  112. Sorensen, M. A. 1994. Egg production in Sweden: The market conditions-economically and politically. Proceedings of Seminar 'Future Egg Production in Sweden'. Kronagg and Jordbruksverket, Stockholm. 

  113. Stewart, G. D. 2002. Defining welfare. Proceedings of 7th WPSA Asian Pacific Federation Conference and 12th Australian Poultry and Feed Convention. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. pp. 528-533. 

  114. Tadelle, D. and B. Ogle. 2000. Nutritional status of village poultry in the central highlands of Ethiopia as assessed by analyses of crop contents. Ethiopian J. Agric. Sci. 17:47-57. 

  115. Tadelle, D. and B. Ogle. 2002. The feed resource base and its potentials for increased poultry production in Ethiopia. Wld's. Poult. Sci. J. 58:77-87. 

  116. Thear, K. 1997. Free-range Poultry. 2nd ed. Ipswich: Farming Press. 

  117. Tolan, A., J. Robertson, C. R. Orton, M. J. Head, A. A. Christie and B. A. Millburn. 1974. Studies on the composition of food. 5. The chemical composition of eggs produced under battery, deep little and free-range conditions. Br. J. Nutr. 31:185-200. 

  118. Walser, P. and H. P. Pfirter. 2001. Feed structure influences behaviour of laying hens. Proceedings of the 6th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare (Ed. H. Oester and C. Wyss). Zollikofen, Switzerland. 181-186. 

  119. Ward, M., D. C. Houston, G. D. Ruxton, D. J. McCafferty and P. Cook. 2001. Thermal resistance of chicken (Gallus domesticus) plumage: a comparison between broiler and freerange birds. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:558-563. 

  120. Warren, D. C. and R. L. Schnepel. 1940. The effect of air temperatures on egg shell thickness in the fowl. Poult. Sci. 13:419-421. 

  121. Wathes, C. M. 1981. Energetic efficiencies of alternative systems of egg production. Poult. Sci. 60:523-527. 

    상세보기 crossref

  122. Wechsler, B. and B. Huber-Eicher. 1998. The effect of foraging material and perch height on feather pecking and feather damage in laying hens. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58:131-141. 

  123. Wilkins, L. J., S. N. Brown, A. J. Phillips and P. D. Warriss. 2000. Variation in the colour of broiler breast fillets in the UK. Br. Poult. Sci. 41:308-312. 

  124. Wills, B. 2002. Managing emerging diseases in alternative laying systems. In: Proceedings 2002 Poultry Information Exchange. Poultry Information Exchange Association Inc. Caboolture Queensland Australia. 2002. pp. 195-198. 

  125. Wilson, H., A. G. Sinclair, F. D. Deb Hovell, R. W. Mayes and S. A. Edwards. 1999. Br. Soc. Anim. Sci. 177. 

관련 콘텐츠

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

BRONZE

출판사/학술단체 등이 한시적으로 특별한 프로모션 또는 일정기간 경과 후 접근을 허용하여, 출판사/학술단체 등의 사이트에서 이용 가능한 논문

섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로