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Biological Effectiveness of Methionine Hydroxy-analogue Calcium Salt in Relation to DL-Methionine in Broiler Chickens

Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, v.21 no.10, 2008년, pp.1506 - 1515  

Elwert, C. (Feedtest, Gottgau 3b) ,  de Fernandes, E. Abreu (UFU) ,  Lemme, A. (Evonik Degussa GmbH)

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Two feeding trials were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability (RBV) of methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt (MHA-Ca) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met). Male Ross 308 (1-38 days) and Cobb 500 chickens (1-42 days) were used in studies 1 and 2, respectively. Experimental diets base...

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제안 방법

  • , 2006). Both studies were multiple dose response experiments with growing broilers and were conducted in Germany and Brazil. In trial 1, the nonlinear common asymptote regression approach as described by Littell et al.
  • For each bird, residual carcass and breast were weighed together to determine carcass weight, and then breast was weighed individually. For further analysis, total carcass weight was put into relation to BW at day 38 on an individual animal basis (dressing ratio) and breast weight was put into relation to total carcass weight (breast-tocarcass-ratio; BCR).
  • For each bird, residual carcass and breast were weighed together to determine carcass weight, and then breast was weighed individually. For further analysis, total carcass weight was put into relation to BW at day 38 on an individual animal basis (dressing ratio) and breast weight was put into relation to total carcass weight (breast-tocarcass-ratio; BCR).
  • Trial 2 was performed at the research facility ofFazenda do Gloria ofthe Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil. In

    this experiment 1,650 male Cobb 500 chickens were fed the experimental starter (days 1 to 14), grower (days 15 to 28) and finisher diets (days 29 to 42) mainly based on sorghum and soybean meal (Table 2). Whilst all essential amino acids were balanced according to an ideal protein concept (QuickChick, Version 1.

  • Both studies were multiple dose response experiments with growing broilers and were conducted in Germany and Brazil. In trial 1, the nonlinear common asymptote regression approach as described by Littell et al. (1997) was validated by using diluted DL-Met (65%; DL-Met65) serving as internal standard, trial 2 was designed as a typical dose response study with increasing supplementation levels of MHA-Ca compared to DL-Met.
  • Also for sub-periods of the experiment, similar RBV were obtained. Judging the overall results for DL-Met65, the selected nonlinear model could be regarded as validated and an appropriate approach to determine RBV of methionine sources. Although the present studies were conducted with two different broiler genetics (Ross 308, Cobb 500), under different environmental conditions (Central Europe, Brazil) and with completely different main dietary ingredients (wheat, sorghum), the results regarding RBV of MHA-Ca were very similar: In experiment 1, RBV of MHA-Ca for animal performance parameters over the whole rearing period (days 1-38) varied from 60 to 65% (Table 6).
  • They claimed different locations for absorption and different metabolic pathways denying the assumption of a common asymptote. The authors of the present article do not agree with that position (see Discussion section), however, a preliminary analysis was performed according to the proposed nonlinear separate plateaus asymptotic regression approach (Kratzer and Littell, 2006). In experiment 1, no differences between the plateaus of DL-Met, MHA-Ca, and DL-Met65 could be found for main animal performance parameters BW and FE.
  • Body weights as well as feed consumption were recorded at arrival at the research facility, at day 14, day 28 and at termination of the trial. Two birds per pen with body weights close to the pen average were selected for carcass evaluation including the determination of carcass yield and breast meat yield.
  • this experiment 1,650 male Cobb 500 chickens were fed the experimental starter (days 1 to 14), grower (days 15 to 28) and finisher diets (days 29 to 42) mainly based on sorghum and soybean meal (Table 2). Whilst all essential amino acids were balanced according to an ideal protein concept (QuickChick, Version 1.

대상 데이터

  • Diets contained a coccidiostat in the starter and grower but not in finisher period and were prepared at a dedicated compound feed plant (Research Diet Services BV, Hoge Maat 10, 3961 NC Wijk bij Duurstede, The Netherlands). Each of the 16 treatments was fed to 6 replicate pens of 20 broilers each (120 birds per treatment; total of 1,920 birds). One-day old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were sourced locally (Geflugelhof Mockern, Pabsdorfer Weg 9, 39291 Mockern, Germany).
  • Diets contained a coccidiostat in the starter and grower but not in finisher period and were prepared at a dedicated compound feed plant (Research Diet Services BV, Hoge Maat 10, 3961 NC Wijk bij Duurstede, The Netherlands). Each of the 16 treatments was fed to 6 replicate pens of 20 broilers each (120 birds per treatment; total of 1,920 birds). One-day old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were sourced locally (Geflugelhof Mockern, Pabsdorfer Weg 9, 39291 Mockern, Germany).
  • Trial 2 was performed at the research facility ofFazenda do Gloria ofthe Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil. In
  • Trial 2 was performed at the research facility ofFazenda do Gloria ofthe Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil. In
  • One-day old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were sourced locally (Geflugelhof Mockern, Pabsdorfer Weg 9, 39291 Mockern, Germany). Twenty chickens were allocated to each ofthe 96 experimental floor pens in such a way as to ensure similar mean body weights across treatments. Birds were routinely vaccinated against Newcastle Disease and Gumboro on day 16.

데이터처리

  • All regression analyses were performed on individual replicate data and not on treatment means. All data analyses were conducted using the software package SAS/STAT (SAS Institute, 2004). If not stated otherwise, the level of significance was chosen at p<0.
  • Statistical analysis and calculations Recorded data were analyzed by an one-factorial

    analysis of variance (ANOVA) taking account of the fixed effect of treatment. Treatment means were calculated as least square means, Tukey-Kramer test was applied to account for multiple comparisons between all treatments.

  • SIP of both, DL-Met65 and MHA-Ca, were put in relation to SIP of pure DL-Met. To assess the significance of the difference between pure DLMet and DL-Met65 as well as MHA-Ca, paired comparisons (t-test) were performed. To account for multiple comparisons (5 supplemented levels, 2 comparisons per level), Bonferroni adjustment was applied to the level of significance.
  • SIP of both, DL-Met65 and MHA-Ca, were put in relation to SIP of pure DL-Met. To assess the significance of the difference between pure DLMet and DL-Met65 as well as MHA-Ca, paired comparisons (t-test) were performed. To account for multiple comparisons (5 supplemented levels, 2 comparisons per level), Bonferroni adjustment was applied to the level of significance.
  • analysis of variance (ANOVA) taking account of the fixed effect of treatment. Treatment means were calculated as least square means, Tukey-Kramer test was applied to account for multiple comparisons between all treatments. Additionally, in experiment 1 for the parameter ‘BW on day 38’ in an attempt to quantitatively compare control and test Met sources (DL-Met65 and MHA-Ca, respectively) in relation to the reference material (pure DL-Met), the following approach was chosen: The performance of animals receiving the basal diet shall be regarded as the basal performance.

이론/모형

  • To account for multiple comparisons (5 supplemented levels, 2 comparisons per level), Bonferroni adjustment was applied to the level of significance. Relative bio-availability as a measure of biological effectiveness was determined using a non-linear regression approach proposed by Littell et al. (1997). In short, nonlinear response curves are fitted over the supplementation of the various (nutrient) sources with the assumptions of equal starting points and common plateau.
  • The studies reported here follow the exponential approach which has been proven to be a proper mathematical model by using an internal standard from which the RBV was known a priori (Lemme et al., 2002; Hoehler et al., 2005; Payne et al., 2006). Both studies were multiple dose response experiments with growing broilers and were conducted in Germany and Brazil.
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참고문헌 (20)

  1. Drew, M. D., A. G. van Kessel and D. D. Maenz. 2003. Absorption of methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in conventional and germ-free chickens. Poult. Sci. 82:1149-1153. 

  2. Esteve-Garcia, E. 1988. Digestion and excretion of methionine sources for poultry. PhD thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. 

  3. Esteve-Garcia, E. and R. E. Austic. 1993. Intestinal absorption and renal excretion of dietary methionine sources by the growing chicken. J. Nutr. Biochem. 4:576-587. 

  4. Hoehler, D. 2006. Letter to the editor: No evidence for different dose responses of commercial methionine sources in broilers. Poult. Sci. 85:2047. 

  5. Hoehler, D. 2007. Letter to the editor (Letter): A misleading approach to determine the methionine activity of organic trace minerals. Poult. Sci. 86:1611-1612. 

  6. Jansman, A. J. M., C. A. Kan and J. Wiebenga. 2003. Comparison of the biological efficacy of DL-methionine and hydroxy-4- methylthiobutanoic acid (HMB) in pigs and poultry. CVB documentation report Nr. 29, Centraal Veevoederbureau, Lelystad, The Netherlands. 

  7. Kratzer, D. D. and R. C. Littell. 2006. Appropriate statistical methods to compare dose responses of methionine sources. Poult. Sci. 85:947-954. 

  8. Lemme, A., D. Hoehler, J. J. Brennan and P. F. Mannion. 2002. Relative effectiveness of methionine hydroxy analog compared to DL-methionine in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 81:838-845. 

  9. Lemme, A. and A. Petri. 2003. The effectiveness of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue relative to DL-methionine - A literature review. AminoNewsTM 4(3):1-10. 

  10. Lemme, A. 2004. Relative effectiveness of the methionine hydroxy analogue calcium salt in broilers and layers. AminoNewsTM 5(3):7-12. 

  11. Lingens, G. and S. Molnar. 1996. Studies on metabolism of broilers by using 14C-labelled DL-Methionine and DLMethionine hydroxy analogue Ca-salt. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 49:113-124. 

  12. Littell, R. A., P. R. Henry, A. J. Lewis and C. B. Ammermann. 1997. Estimation of relative bioavailability of nutrients using SAS procedures. J. Anim. Sci. 75:2672-2683. 

  13. Mandal, A. B., A. V. Elangovan and T. S. Johri. 2004. Comparing bio-efficacy of liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid with DL-methionine in broiler chickens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:102-108. 

  14. Piepho, H.-P. 2006. Letter to the editor: A cautionary note on appropriate statistical methods to compare dose responses of methionine sources. Poult. Sci. 85:1511-1512. 

  15. Potter, L. M., G. P. Schmidt, M. E. Blair, J. R. Shelton and B. A. Bliss. 1984. MHAC versus DL-methionine-Part I: The methionine controversy. Animal Nutrition and Health (March- April):14-17. 

  16. Richards, J. D., J. J. Dibner and C. D. Knight. 2007. Letters to the editor (Reply): DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid from any commercial source is fully available as a source of methionine activity. Poult. Sci. 86:1613-1614. 

  17. SAS Institute. 2004. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Release 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. 

  18. Sauer, N., K. Emrich, H. P. Piepho, A. Lemme, M. S. Redshaw and R. Mosenthin. 2007. Meta-analysis on the relative efficiency of methionine-hydroxy-analogue-free-acid compared with DL-methionine in broilers using non-linear mixed models. Poult. Sci. (In press). (partly published in: Sauer, N., K. Emrich, H. P. Piepho, A. Lemme, M. S. Redshaw and R. Mosenthin. 2007. Meta-analysis on the relative efficiency of the liquid hydroxy analogue compared with DL-methionine in broilers using multi-exponential regression. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, August 27-30, Strasbourg, France: 4). 

  19. Vazquez-Anon, M., D. Kratzer, R. Gonzelez-Esquerra, I. G. Yi and C. D. Knight. 2006. A multiple regression model approach to contrast the performance of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid and DL-methionine supplementation tested in broiler experiments and reported in the literature. Poult. Sci. 85:693- 705. 

  20. Yi, G. F., C. A. Atwell, J. A. Hume, J. J. Dibner, C. D. Knight and J. D. Richards. 2007. Determining the methionine activity of Mintrex organic trace minerals in broiler chicks by using radiolabel tracing or growth assay. Poult. Sci. 86:877-887. 

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