North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were me...
North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.
North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.
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문제 정의
This work is dedicated to the memory of John Follett, a pioneer of ginseng production research in New Zealand, sadly taken from us in June 2005 after a heroic battle with cancer.
제안 방법
For the field experiments (Table 1, Expts 5 to 10) seedlings were established at a seeding rate of 112 kg ha-1 (about 215 seeds m-2 or 46.5 cm2 space per seedling) and grown following standard cultural methods for North American ginseng [20]. Briefly, seeds were planted on raised soil beds and covered with 5 to 10 cm of straw mulch.
The objectives of this study were to measure growth, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis and light interception of North American ginseng seedlings in various regimes and years, and to assess crop performance by determining radiation use efficiency.
Secondly, the pooled data were fitted to a negative exponential asymptotic curve of the form Y=a(1-e -bx) detailed in the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) users guide. Thirdly, in order to overcome the limitation imposed by the fitted curve going through the origin (Fig. 3) a linear regression was performed on data close to the origin and the light compensation point, dark respiration and initial slope calculated. Where appropriate data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System package.
대상 데이터
All experiments were carried out at Guelph (43° 33’ N, 80° 13’ W), or nearby commercial ginseng farms, except for one, Expt.4, Table 1, which was carried out in 1989 (March to August) at the Institute of Horticultural Research, East Malling, England (51° 18’ N, 0° 26’ E).
성능/효과
In the field experiments the seedlings had a LAI of 0.37 and intercepted only 16.6% of the incoming light allowing 83.4% of the incoming solar radiation to pass through it (Table 2). The radiation not intercepted by the canopy fell on the mulched soil surface where it was likely dissipated as convective heat and used to evaporate mulch and soil water and warm the soil.
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