사육수 비교환방식을 이용한 포장 사육지에서의 흰다리새우, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)의 초고밀도양식 Super-intensive Culture of Whiteleg Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931), in HDPE-lined Ponds with no Water Exchange원문보기
Shrimp farming is the most important mariculture industry on the west coast of South Korea. However, it has suffered from mass mortality due to viral disease outbreaks and coastal pollution due to water discharge. This study developed an intensive shrimp culture method for outdoor ponds, without wat...
Shrimp farming is the most important mariculture industry on the west coast of South Korea. However, it has suffered from mass mortality due to viral disease outbreaks and coastal pollution due to water discharge. This study developed an intensive shrimp culture method for outdoor ponds, without water exchange, which minimizes the chance of viral transmission from the environment, reduces coastal pollution by water discharge and enhances shrimp production. A culture trial was conducted in two high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-lined ponds with a $550\;m^2$ surface area. The ponds were stocked with postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei, the major farmed shrimp species in Korea, on July 10, 2007, and cultured for 90 days with no water exchange. The stocking density of the postlarvae (B.W. 0.0015 g) was $272\;ind./m^2$, which is eight times higher than in traditional pond culture in Korea. At harvest, the total production of ponds 1 and 2 was 1,362kg ($2.48\;kg/m^2$) and 1,282 kg ($2.33\;kg/m^2$), respectively. This is 20~22 times higher than the mean farmed shrimp production ($0.112\;kg/m^2$) in Korea and about eight times higher than in traditional ponds with a good harvest. Although there was no water exchange throughout the culture period, the mean concentrations of unionized ammonia and nitrite-nitrogen were as low as 0.038 and 6.0 mg/L, respectively. The feed conversion rate (FCR) was 1.38, which is 20~45% lower than that of traditional pond cultures. The high efficiency of the diet in this study is thought to be due to a well-managed feeding strategy and well-developed bioflocs used as diet additions for the shrimp. The final body weight of the shrimp at harvest was low (12.2~12.5 g), compared with that of traditional pond culture. This may have resulted from the combination of a short culture period, high density of shrimp, and low temperature. This study suggests that a super-intensive shrimp pond culture method using biofloc technology with no water exchange can minimize viral transmission via water exchange, reduce coastal pollution, and enhance shrimp production.
Shrimp farming is the most important mariculture industry on the west coast of South Korea. However, it has suffered from mass mortality due to viral disease outbreaks and coastal pollution due to water discharge. This study developed an intensive shrimp culture method for outdoor ponds, without water exchange, which minimizes the chance of viral transmission from the environment, reduces coastal pollution by water discharge and enhances shrimp production. A culture trial was conducted in two high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-lined ponds with a $550\;m^2$ surface area. The ponds were stocked with postlarvae of Litopenaeus vannamei, the major farmed shrimp species in Korea, on July 10, 2007, and cultured for 90 days with no water exchange. The stocking density of the postlarvae (B.W. 0.0015 g) was $272\;ind./m^2$, which is eight times higher than in traditional pond culture in Korea. At harvest, the total production of ponds 1 and 2 was 1,362kg ($2.48\;kg/m^2$) and 1,282 kg ($2.33\;kg/m^2$), respectively. This is 20~22 times higher than the mean farmed shrimp production ($0.112\;kg/m^2$) in Korea and about eight times higher than in traditional ponds with a good harvest. Although there was no water exchange throughout the culture period, the mean concentrations of unionized ammonia and nitrite-nitrogen were as low as 0.038 and 6.0 mg/L, respectively. The feed conversion rate (FCR) was 1.38, which is 20~45% lower than that of traditional pond cultures. The high efficiency of the diet in this study is thought to be due to a well-managed feeding strategy and well-developed bioflocs used as diet additions for the shrimp. The final body weight of the shrimp at harvest was low (12.2~12.5 g), compared with that of traditional pond culture. This may have resulted from the combination of a short culture period, high density of shrimp, and low temperature. This study suggests that a super-intensive shrimp pond culture method using biofloc technology with no water exchange can minimize viral transmission via water exchange, reduce coastal pollution, and enhance shrimp production.
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문제 정의
본 연구는 우리나라에서 새우양식의 주종인 흰다리새우를 대상으로 비닐 포장 사육지 (lined pond)에서 사육수를 교환하지 않고 일반 축제식양식장보다 약 8배 높은 초고밀도로 양식함으로써 배출수에 의한 환경오염의 감소와 바이러스 수평감염의 예방 및 생산성을 크게 향상시킬 수 있는 기술을 개발하고자 한다.
본 연구에서는 사육지 내 폭기 방법에 따른 수질과 새우의 성장을 비교하고자 pond 1과 2에 각각 축제식에 사용되는 전통적인 수차방식과 저층폭기방식을 설치하였다 (Fig. 1). 후자는 일반적으로 PDP (pressure differential piping) system으로 알려져 있는데, 전통적인 수차에 비해서 여러 가지 장점이 있어 최근 외국의 새우양식장에서는 일부 적용되는 추세이다.
제안 방법
본 연구에서는 사료의 공급량을 1차적으로 새우의 주간성장률 (weekly growth rate)에 근거하여 결정하였으며, 부가적으로 사료공급 후 먹이망 (feeding tray)의 조사, 새우의 탈피주기와 날씨의 변화 등을 관찰하여 과잉의 사료가 공급되지 않도록 매일 세심하게 사료 양을 조절하였다.
본 연구에서는 사육수를 교환하지 않고 추가적인 당밀을 공급함으로써 질소와 유기탄소의 높은 농도를 지속시키고 충분한 양의 산소와 폭기를 함으로써 타가영양상태의 발달과 biofloc의 형성을 촉진시켰다.
2007년 7월 10일 양식연구센터에서 생산된 바이러스 비감염(SPF, specific pathogen free) 흰다리새우(L. yannamei)의 유생 (PL10-15, B.W. 0.0015 g)을 각 사육지별 15,000마리 (272.7/m2)씩 입식하여 10월 8일까지 90일간 사육하였다.
Pond 1은 중앙을 따라 콘크리트 격벽을 설치하여 사육수가 순환할 수 있도록 하였으며 사육수 순환과 산소공급을 위하여 paddle형 수차 (1 HP)와 에어인젝터 (1 HP)를 각 1대씩을 설치하였다.
7/m2)씩 입식하여 10월 8일까지 90일간 사육하였다. 먹이는 새우용 EP 사료 (crude protein 38%)를 4회/일 공급하였으며 사료양은 주간성장률 및 먹이망의 조사에 근거하여 매주 결정하였다. 주간성장률 (weekly growth rate, WGR)은 투망을 이용하여 pond 별 50-100마리의 새우를 3회 채집한 평균 체중에 근거하여 계산하였다.
새우의 사료 섭식량을 조사하기 위하여 사육지의 가장자리에 목재로 가교를 시설하여 사육지별 2개의 먹이망(feeding tray, 50 × 50 cm)을 설치하였다.
수온, 용존산소 (DO), 염분은 YSI-85 model (Yellow Springs Instrument Co., Ohio, USA)을 이용하여 매일 2회 측정하였으며, pH는 YSI-6600 pH meter로 매일 1회, TAN (total ammonia nitrogen), NO2-N, alkalinity는 수질분석용 calorimetric kit (Merck Co., Germany)를 이용하여 매일 1회 측정하였다. 암모니아 농도의 증가시 탄소원으로 공급된 당밀은 일일 평균으로 환산하였다.
먹이는 새우용 EP 사료 (crude protein 38%)를 4회/일 공급하였으며 사료양은 주간성장률 및 먹이망의 조사에 근거하여 매주 결정하였다. 주간성장률 (weekly growth rate, WGR)은 투망을 이용하여 pond 별 50-100마리의 새우를 3회 채집한 평균 체중에 근거하여 계산하였다. 사육수는 전 기간 동안 수질향상을 위해서는 교환하지 않았으나, 증발수의 보충 및 식물플랑크톤의 과잉 번식 시 일부를 교환하여 평균 교환율은 0.
대상 데이터
사육실험은 국립수산과학원 서해수산연구소 양식연구센터(충남 태안군 근흥면) 내에 시설된 2개의 사육지에서 실시되었다. 사육지의 크기는 32 × 20 m (수면적 30 × 18.
사육지의 크기는 32 × 20 m (수면적 30 × 18.3 m, 550 m2)이며 사육지 바닥과 내벽은 모두 검정색의 HDPE (high density polyethylene) 재질로 포장하였다 (Fig. 1).
성능/효과
550 m2 크기의 비닐포장 (HDPE-lined)된 2개의 사육지에서 흰다리새우의 postlarva를 272.2 마리/m2의 밀도로 입식하고 사육수 교환없이 90일간 양식한 결과, 총 수확량은 2,644 kg이었으며 단위면적당 생산량은 23.3-24.8 mt/ha에 달하였다(Table 2). 일반적으로 우리나라 축제식 새우양식장에서는 30-35 마리/m2의 postlarva를 입식하여 약 120-150일 후에 수확하는데, 질병 등의 문제없이 정상적으로 양식할 경우 약 3.
pond 1과 PDP system을 설치한 pond 2 간에 수질환경의 모든 항목에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 새우의 생산량과 생존율에서도 거의 차이를 보이지 않았다 (Tables 1, 2).
, 2007a; Kim, 2010). 본 연구는 일반 축제식 새우양식장에 비해 8-9배 높게 postlarva를 입식하여 전국 평균 새우양식 생산량의 21-22배, 정상 수확된 양식장에 비해서도 8배가 높은 생산량을 보여 주었다.
본 연구에서 얻어진 생산량은 일반 축제식 양식장에 비해 8-22배 높았지만 수확시 새우의 평균 체중은 12.2-12.5 g으로 우리나라의 축제식 양식장에서 생산되는 새우의 평균 체중인 20 g보다 크게 작았다.
그러나 현재까지 사육수 비교환 조건에서의 타가영양세균군의 종 조성과 군집의 변화 등에 대해서는 전혀 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 C/N ratio나 타가영양세균의 종 조성 등은 분석하지는 않았지만 CP 38%의 배합사료를 사용하면서 암모니아와 아질산염의 농도 변화에 따라서 당민을 공급함으로써 C/N ratio를 높여주었다.
본 연구에서는 CP 38%의 사료를 공급하여 1.38-1.39의 FCR (feed conversion rate)을 얻었는데 이것은 일반 축제식 양식장의 1.7-2.0에 비해 크게 낮으며, Browdy et al. (2001)가 본 연구와 비슷한 조건 하에서 CP 30-40%를 공급하여 얻은 FCR 1.89-1.92에 비해서도 약 38%가 낮은 수치이다.
2 g 이었다. 생존율은 pond 1과 2가 각각 72.6, 70.1%이며, FCR (feed conversion rate)은 각각 1.39, 1.38이었다. Pond 1과 2의 새우의 체중변화 및 주간성장률은 Fig.
Pond 1과 2의 새우의 생산량과 생존율은 Table 2에 나타나 있다. 총 수확량은 pond 1과 2가 각각 1,362, 1,282 kg이며 단위면적당 생산량은 각각 2.48, 2.33 kg/m2이었다. 수확시 새우의 평균 체중은 각각 12.
후속연구
향후 GS-FLX 등과 같이 수많은 유전자를 동시에 동정할 수 있는 초고속 pyrosequencing 방법 (Langaee and Ronaghi, 2005; Metzker, 2009) 등을 이용하여 biofloc 사육수의 세균군집에 대한 분석이 필요할 것이다.
또한 종묘생산의 지연으로 일반 축제식 양식장의 입식시기인 5-6월보다 크게 늦은 7월 10일 입식하였기 때문에 양성기간이 1-2개월 짧았다. 본 연구에서의 낮은 성장률은 이러한 복합적인 이유에 기인하는 것으로 판단되지만 우리나라에서의 상품 크기인 20 g의 새우를 고밀도로 생산할 수 있는 한계 사육밀도를 확인하기 위해서는 다양한 밀도와 양성기간에 따른 사육실험이 수행될 필요가 있다.
질의응답
핵심어
질문
논문에서 추출한 답변
타가영양세균이 암모니아를 제거할 수 있는 이유는?
, 1999). 이때 타가영양세균은 유기탄소 (organic carbon)를 에너지원으로 이용하기 때문에 carbon과 nitrogen의 비율 (C/N ratio)을 조절함으로써 암모니아를 효율적으로 제거할 수 있다. 타가영양세균들은 유기물에 결합하여 미생물총(microbial floc 혹은 biofloc)을 형성하는데 새우는 미생물총을 섭식함으로써 사료의 대체 먹이로 이용하는 것으로 알려져 있다 또한 타가영양세균의 성장은 매우 높고 따라서 암모니아 제.
새우 양식생산량 저하의 주요 원인에는 어떤 것이 있는가?
, 2009b; Kim, 2010). 생산성 저하의 주요 원인 중 하나는 전염성 질병, 특히 WSSV (white spot syndrome virus)에 의한 대량폐사 때문인 것으로 알려져 있다(Jang et al., 2007a, b, 2009a).
WSSV로 인해 나타나는 문제는?
, 2007a, b, 2009a). WSSV는 1992년 중국에서 최초로 발견된 이래 (Chen, 1995) 아시아, 인도-태평양을 거쳐 1990년대 말에는 미주를 포함한 전 세계의 새우양식장으로 전파되어 심각한 손실을 가져온 바이러스로서 현재까지도 새우양식산업에 가장 큰 장애요인이 되고 있다 (Chou et al., 1995; Wang et al.
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