[논문]잠비아 소규모 여성농업인의 농업투입요소에 대한 보조금 접근도의 성차별 평가

프리셔스 마쿤카; 황한철

doi:10.7851/ksrp.2013.19.4.249

잠비아 소규모 여성농업인의 농업투입요소에 대한 보조금 접근도의 성차별 평가
Evaluating Gender Differences in Accessing Subsidies of Agricultural Inputs by Small Scale Women Farmers in Zambia 원문보기

농촌계획 : 韓國農村計劃學會誌, v.19 no.4, 2013년, pp.249 - 259

프리셔스 마쿤카 (한경대학교 국제개발협력대학원) , 황한철 (한경대학교 지역자원시스템공학과)

초록
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잠비아의 농업지원프로그램에서 여성농가의 경우 남성농가에 비해 각종 혜택에서 소외받고 있다는 지적이 많다. 본 연구는 소규모 여성농업인이 옥수수 씨앗이나 비료 등의 농업투입요소에 대한 보조금의 혜택에서 어느 정도 차별을 받고 있는 지를 잠비아의 농업투입지원프로그램을 사례로 검증하고자 한다. 즉 농업투입요소 보조금에 대한 성차별의 영향을 주는 요인을 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 관련 문헌조사가 선행되었고, 잠비아 마자부카지역의 소농가 100가구를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며 빈도분석, T-test 및 분산분석 등을 실시하였다. 그 결과 농경지의 소유 유무나 규모가 중요한 요인 중의 하나로 나타났다. 남성농가의 경우 여성농가에 비하여 자가농이 많았으며 농지 소유 규모 또한 큰 것으로 나타났다(남성농가: 평균 2.03ha, 생산량 4.43Mt, 여성농가: 평균 1.63ha, 생산량 3.15Mt). 기아의 경험 정도는 여성농가에 비해 비교적 남성농가가 높게 나타났으며, 옥수수 생산에 있어 같은 양의 투입요소라고 하더라도 여성농가가 남성농가에 비해 식량 안보력이 높은 것을 의미한다. 그러나 남성농가에 비해 여성농가의 낮은 수입이 결국 농업투입요소의 접근에 장애가 되는 중요한 요인이라 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 남성농가와 여성농가의 농업투입지원프로그램에 대한 불공평성의 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 정부 정책가들의 인식의 변화가 무엇보다도 중요하고, 여성농가를 위한 농업정보나 농작물 재배지식 등의 전달 및 훈련 등에 대하여 보다 적극적이고 체계적이며 계획적인 접근 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

주제어

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문제 정의

In this regard, the research focused on evaluating whether FISP, a program that aims at improving access to inputs and ensuring food security has improved the female small scale farmers' access to inputs.
It is not surprising therefore, that the study finds a significant relationship on the perception of difference in access to land by type of household and access to inputs. This rightly shows the restrictions that limited access to land by FHH impose on their access to inputs.
In an effort to boost agricultural productivity, the Zambian Government introduced a subsidy program in 2002 which was then called Fertilizer Support Program but is now referred to as Farmer Input Support Program (FISP). The program is aimed at improving access of small-scale farmers to inputs (fertiliser and improved seed) through a subsidy as well increasing their incomes (MACO, 2010). The assumption being that both Female Headed Households (FHH) and Male Headed Households (MHH) who are small scale farmers have equal access to the subsidized inputs.
Considering that women are disproportionately represented among the extreme poor, it was necessary to assess whether the government subsidy program has contributed to improving their access to the subsidized agricultural inputs which in turn would contribute to their food security. The study centered on identifying factors that influence gender differences in accessing the subsidized inputs. It examined the implications of such gender differences in agricultural production, particularly maize production among the female and male heads in the sample.

제안 방법

The desk review was conducted to have an insight of women in agriculture and their challenges in access to agricultural inputs. A survey was employed to collect household level information on household crop production and access to fertilizer and seed, household livelihood options and food security. This was achieved by designing a questionnaire that guided the interview schedule during the survey.
Likewise, the score for each group were reported using column wise percentages and the significance of the differences between the groups was determined using the t - statistics. Averages, trends and dispersion measures were used to report quantitative variables and the differences in the two household types determined. The ANOVA(Analysis Of Variance) test was used to determine the significance of the differences of the results.
Ownership and access to land was determined to assess the differences between MHH and FHH in land provision and how access to land constrains equal access to FISP inputs. All households have access to land for crop production although ownership differs considerably depending mainly on marital status.
The study employed three types of data collection strategies; desk review of information pertaining to the research topic, a survey of households and focus group discussions. The desk review was conducted to have an insight of women in agriculture and their challenges in access to agricultural inputs.
A survey was employed to collect household level information on household crop production and access to fertilizer and seed, household livelihood options and food security. This was achieved by designing a questionnaire that guided the interview schedule during the survey.

대상 데이터

The methodological approach of this study is based on a case study of gender differences between MHH and FHH in a FISP project site in Mazabuka district of Zambia. The data set for this study was collected through a survey conducted in May, 2012 by a team of Zambian agricultural district officers. The target group was small scale farmers who benefited from FISP during the 2010/11 farming season.
The target group was small scale farmers who benefited from FISP during the 2010/11 farming season. The data were collected from a total of 100 households that were interviewed.
The data set for this study was collected through a survey conducted in May, 2012 by a team of Zambian agricultural district officers. The target group was small scale farmers who benefited from FISP during the 2010/11 farming season. The data were collected from a total of 100 households that were interviewed.

데이터처리

Ordinal variables were measured on a 5 point Likert scale to determine the degree of the perception of equal access for each respondent. Likewise, the score for each group were reported using column wise percentages and the significance of the differences between the groups was determined using the t - statistics. Averages, trends and dispersion measures were used to report quantitative variables and the differences in the two household types determined.
Averages, trends and dispersion measures were used to report quantitative variables and the differences in the two household types determined. The ANOVA(Analysis Of Variance) test was used to determine the significance of the differences of the results.
For nominal variables, column wise percentages were determined to distinguish the two types of households. The significance of the differences was determined using the t - statistics.

이론/모형

Sampled households were selected using the circular systematic sampling method. This method assumes that households are arranged in a circle (G.
The methodological approach of this study is based on a case study of gender differences between MHH and FHH in a FISP project site in Mazabuka district of Zambia. The data set for this study was collected through a survey conducted in May, 2012 by a team of Zambian agricultural district officers.

후속연구

In this way, most decisions for FISP allocation is biased to MHH than FHH as it is a requirement that one proves that they have a portion of land before they can acquire the subsidized inputs. The extent to which cultural barrier restricts access to land and equal access to FISP inputs was however, beyond the scope of this study and is a subject for further research.

참고문헌 (21)

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Central Statistics Office. 1998. Zambia, 1998 - Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II. Lusaka : Republic of Zambia, 1998.
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CSO. 2004. Living Conditions Monitoring Survey Report 2002-2003. Lusaka : Central Statistics Office, 2004.
CSPR. 2005. Targeting Small Scale Farmers in the Implementation of Zambia's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): An assessment of the Implementation and Effectiveness of the Fertilizer Support Program. Lusaka : CSPR, 2005. p. 7.
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MACO. 2010. Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) Implementation Manual; 2010/2011 Agricultural Farming Season. Lusaka : Government of Zambia, 2010. pp. 4-27.
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