[논문]'탄소발자국' 개념의 발전 과정과 농림 부문에서의 활용 전망

최성원; 김학영; 김준

doi:10.5532/kjafm.2015.17.4.358

'탄소발자국' 개념의 발전 과정과 농림 부문에서의 활용 전망
Development of 'Carbon Footprint' Concept and Its Utilization Prospects in the Agricultural and Forestry Sector 원문보기

한국농림기상학회지 = Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.17 no.4, 2015년, pp.358 - 383

최성원 (국가농림기상센터) , 김학영 (국가농림기상센터) , 김준 (국가농림기상센터)

초록
AI-Helper

지구 온난화를 유발하는 온실가스들의 구체적인 배출량을 정량화하는 수단으로서 2000년대 중반부터 '탄소발자국'의 개념이 발전하였다. 아직도 명확한 정의나 측정 단위 또는 범위에 대한 규정이 존재하지 않지만, '개인이나 조직에 의해 제품의 전 생산 과정에서 직간접적으로 대기로 배출된 전체 온실가스의 양을 이산화탄소 상당량으로 나타낸 것'이라는 의미로 널리 사용되고 있다. ISO/TS 14067에 따르면, 제품의 탄소발자국은 온실가스를 배출하는 단위 공정들의 활동량 자료에 해당 공정의 배출계수를 곱하고 이를 모두 합산하여 산정한다. 이를 바탕으로 소비자들에게 비교 선택의 기회를 제공하고 생산자들의 자발적인 온실가스 배출 감축 활동을 장려하기 위한 '탄소성적표지' 제도가 전 세계적으로 다양하게 시행되고 있다. 이 제도의 일환으로 농업 분야에서 시범 운영되고 있는 '저탄소농축산물인증제'는 구매자의 윤리적 소비를 돕는 판단 근거로서 활용 가치가 클 것으로 기대된다. 이 과정에서 농산물에 대한 전과정평가의 경계를 설정하는 데에는 주로 사용 및 폐기 단계가 제외된 'cradle to gate' 접근법이 사용된다. 범위를 넓혀 농림 부문 전체에 대한 탄소발자국 산정은 "국가 온실가스 인벤토리 보고서"에서 유일하게 배출량뿐만 아니라 제거량도 고려해야 하는 특징을 가지고 있다. 현재 산정이 이루어지지 않는 농경지의 다년생 입목 바이오매스에 축적된 탄소의 변화량을 계산할 수 있다면 전체 온실가스 배출량을 상당 부분 감축할 수 있을 것이다. 이를 위해 전 과정의 이산화탄소 교환을 직접 정량화할 수 있는 타워 기반의 플럭스 관측이 사용될 수 있다. 탄소발자국 정보는 다른 지표들과 융합하여 지속가능한 농림생태계를 위한 좀 더 총체적인 지표 개발에 사용될 수 있다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The concept of 'carbon footprint' has been developed as a means of quantifying the specific emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that cause global warming. Although there are still neither clear definitions of the term nor rules for units or the scope of its estimation, it is broadly accepted that the carbon footprint is the total amount of GHGs, expressed as $CO_2$ equivalents, emitted into the atmosphere directly or indirectly at all processes of the production by an individual or organization. According to the ISO/TS 14067, the carbon footprint of a product is calculated by multiplying the units of activity of processes that emit GHGs by emission factor of the processes, and by summing them up. Based on this, 'carbon labelling' system has been implemented in various ways over the world to provide consumers the opportunities of comparison and choice, and to encourage voluntary activities of producers to reduce GHG emissions. In the agricultural sector, as a judgment basis to help purchaser with ethical consumption, 'low-carbon agricultural and livestock products certification' system is expected to have more utilization value. In this process, the 'cradle to gate' approach (which excludes stages for usage and disposal) is mainly used to set the boundaries of the life cycle assessment for agricultural products. The estimation of carbon footprint for the entire agricultural and forestry sector should take both removals and emissions into account in the "National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report". The carbon accumulation in the biomass of perennial trees in cropland should be considered also to reduce the total GHG emissions. In order to accomplish this, tower-based flux measurements can be used, which provide a direct quantification of $CO_2$ exchange during the entire life cycle. Carbon footprint information can be combined with other indicators to develop more holistic assessment indicators for sustainable agricultural and forestry ecosystems.

주제어

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	본래 저탄소 녹색성장 비전을 선포하는 목표는 무엇이었나?	우리나라는 2008년 ‘저탄소 녹색성장 비전’의 선포를 통해 온실가스와 환경오염을 줄이고 녹색기술과 청정에너지로 신성장동력과 일자리를 창출하고자 했으나, 이러한 비전을 태동시킨 근본적인 목적이 제시되어 있지 않았다(Kim, 2009). 그 후 2009년 11월에 2020년 배출량 전망값(Business As Usual, BAU) 대비 30% 감축을 중기 국가 온실가스 감축목표로 공식 선언하고, 2011년 7월 부문·업종·연도별 감축목표를 결정하였다.
	기후변화 2014 종합보고서에서 확인할 수 있는 내용은 무엇인가?	‘기후변화’는 21세기에 들어서면서 대중 매체에 자주 등장하는 용어 중의 하나가 되었으며, 그만큼 이것이 우리의 삶에 미치는 영향 또한 점점 더 커지고 있다. 2014년 11월 덴마크 코펜하겐에서 열린 제40차 기후변화에 관한 정부간 협의체(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) 회의에서 승인된 “기후변화 2014 종합보고서 (Climate Change, 2014: Synthesis Report)”에 따르면, 인간이 기후 시스템에 명백한 영향을 미치고 있고, 최근 배출된 인위적 온실가스의 양은 관측 이래 최고 수준이며, 기후변화는 인간계와 자연계에 광범위한 영향을 주고 있음을 확인할 수 있다(IPCC, 2014). 이에 맞서 2015년 말 프랑스 파리에서 개최된 제21차 유엔기후변화협약(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)당사국 총회(Conference of the Parties, COP 21)에서는 2020년 이후 적용될 ‘신 기후체제’에 대한 협상이 이루어졌다.
	신 기후체제에 대한 협상의 결과는 무엇인가?	이에 맞서 2015년 말 프랑스 파리에서 개최된 제21차 유엔기후변화협약(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)당사국 총회(Conference of the Parties, COP 21)에서는 2020년 이후 적용될 ‘신 기후체제’에 대한 협상이 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 지구 평균 기온의 상승폭을 산업화 이전과 비교해 1.5oC 이하로 억제할 수 있도록 노력하며, 선진국과 개발도상국이 모두 기후 재앙을 막기위해 책임을 분담하여 동참하고, 5년마다 국제사회가 공동으로 195개 모든 당사국들이 온실가스 감축 계획을 담은 자발적 기여 방안(Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, INDCs)을 이행하는지 검증하도록 구속력을 두었다. 미국·중국·인도 등이 적극적으로 참여하지 않아 유명무실했던 교토의정서(Kyoto Protocol)와 는 달리 주요 국가들이 모두 동참하게 된 데에는 재생 및 대체 에너지 기술의 급격한 발달과 함께 과학계 전문가 집단의 의견이 상당한 일치를 이루면서 정책에 반영된 결과라고 할 수 있다(Aichele and Felbermayr, 2012; Cook et al.

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