BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mi...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experiments was to show anti-obesity effects of Korean solar salt from different salt fields in diet-induced obese mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Diet-induced obesity (DIO) was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% cal from fat) in C57BL/6J mice for eight weeks. The mice were fed with the designated diets (chow diet for Normal, HFD for Control, 0.47%-salt-mixed HFD for purified salt (PS), Guerande solar salt from France (SS-G), solar salt from Y salt field (SS-Y), solar salts from T salt field (SS-T) and S salt field (SS-S)) for another eight weeks. We checked body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and tissue weights (liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT)), and observed serum concentrations of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), leptin and insulin. We also evaluated gene expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$ and FAS and beta-oxidation-related factors ($PPAR{\alpha}$ and CPT-1) in liver and EAT. The mineral composition of salt samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). RESULTS: SS-T and SS-S significantly reduced body weight gain, FER, and weight of EAT compared to control and other samples (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S also significantly decreased serum levels of TG, TC, leptin and insulin (P < 0.05). SS-T and SS-S suppressed expressions of adipogenic / lipogenic mRNAs in liver and EAT, while promoting expression of beta-oxidation-related factors. The lowest sodium concentration was observed in SS-T ($30.30{\pm}0.59%$), and the lowest sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio was found in SS-S (17.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that well-processed Korean solar salt may have anti-obesity effects in vivo, probably owing to its differences in mineral composition and other components, presumably resulting from the manufacturing processes. Further research is needed into the mechanism and to explore optimal manufacturing processes.
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제안 방법
After obtaining study approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (PNU-IACUC; PNU-2015-0889) of Pusan National University in Busan (Korea), animals were housed under a 12-h light/dark cycle at room temperature with ad libitum access to food and water. Animals were randomly divided into eight groups of ten mice per group as follows; a chow-diet-fed group (Normal), an HFD-fed group (Control), and HFD + PS, HFD + SS-T, HFD + SS-Y, HFD + SS-S, and HFD + SS-G groups. DIO was induced in all groups except for a Normal group feeding with an HFD for the first eight weeks, and appropriate experimental diets were then administered for the next eight weeks.
Animals were randomly divided into eight groups of ten mice per group as follows; a chow-diet-fed group (Normal), an HFD-fed group (Control), and HFD + PS, HFD + SS-T, HFD + SS-Y, HFD + SS-S, and HFD + SS-G groups. DIO was induced in all groups except for a Normal group feeding with an HFD for the first eight weeks, and appropriate experimental diets were then administered for the next eight weeks. Body weight and food consumption were measured twice weekly.
The sequences of the primers used were as follows; β-actin (5’-TGA AGG TCG GTG TGA ACG GAT TTG GC-3’ (forward), 5’-CAT GTA GGC CAT GAG GTC CAC CAC-3’ (reverse); NM_008084.3), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα; 5’-CAA GAA CAG CAA CGA GTA CCG-3’ (forward), 5’-GTC ACT GGT CAA CTC CAG CAC-3’ (reverse); NM_007678.3), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα; 5’- TCA GGG TAC CAC TAC GGA GT-3’ (forward), 5’-CTT GGC ATT CTT CCA AAG CG-3’ (reverse); NM_001113418.1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ; 5’-TCG CTG ATG CAC TGC CTA TG-3’ (forward), 5’-GAG AGG TCC ACA GAG CTG ATT-3’ (reverse); NM_013124.3), fatty acid synthase (FAS; 5’-GCA CCT GCA GAT CCT TTG AT-3’ (forward), 5’-GTC CCG GCA TTC AGA ATA GT-3’ (reverse); NM_007988.3), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-1; 5’-TAT CGC CAC CTG CTG AAC C-3’ (forward), 5’-TTG AAG GTG ACG AAG GTG GT-3’ (reverse); NM_153679.2).
대상 데이터
(Guerande salt; Batz-sur-Mer, France; SS-G). Purified salt was provided from H Corporation (Ulsan, South Korea; PS).
데이터처리
The significance of differences between mean values were assessed using one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test.
a-d Means with the different letters in each column are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test.
a-d Means with the different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test.
a-e Means with the different letters in each row are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test.
a-g Means with the different letters in each column are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test.
a-g Means with the different letters on the bars are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan’s multiple range test.
이론/모형
Salt samples, heat-dried at 60°C for 12 hrs, were analyzed for mineral composition by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) using an Optima 8300 unit (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA), in accordance with EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) method 6010 [15].
성능/효과
Based on these findings, Korean solar salt, especially SS-S and SS-T, suppresses the expression of adipogenic- and lipogenic factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FAS), promotes the expression of β-oxidative factors (PPARα and CPT-1), and reduces fat accumulation in the liver and EATs.
Significant liver weight reduction was achieved in HFD + SS-T (2.1 ± 0.2 g; P < 0.05) and HFD-SS-S (2.2 ± 0.1 g; P < 0.05) in comparison with HFD-fed group (2.7 ± 0.1 g) (data not shown).
The lowest TC concentration among the salt-administered groups occurred in the HFD + SS-T group (163.3 ± 1.1 mg/dl, P < 0.05), followed by the HFD + SS-S (165.1 ± 1.1 mg/dl) and HFD + PS groups (189.5 ± 3.2 mg/dl).
The lowest food efficiency ratio (FER) occurred in the HFD + SS-T group (4.4 ± 0.6%), significantly less than the Control (6.3± 0.4%; P < 0.05) followed by HFD + SS-S (4.8 ± 0.3%), HFD + SS-Y (5.2 ± 0.3%), HFD + PS (5.6 ± 0.6%) and HFD + SS-G group (6.2 ± 0.8%).
The lowest potassium concentration was observed in SS-G (0.30 ± 0.00%), followed by PS (1.01 ± 0.02%), while the highest concentration of potassium was found in SS-Y (1.98 ± 0.03%), followed by SS-S (1.94 ±0.01%) and SS-T (1.62 ± 0.02%).
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