[논문]침투여과시설의 강우계급에 따른 유량 및 비점오염물질 저감 효과 분석

유기경; 최지연; 강희만; 김이형

doi:10.15681/kswe.2016.32.1.30

침투여과시설의 강우계급에 따른 유량 및 비점오염물질 저감 효과 분석
Evaluation of the Volume and Pollutant Reduction in an Infiltration and Filtration Facility with Varying Rainfall Conditions 원문보기

한국물환경학회지 = Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, v.32 no.1, 2016년, pp.30 - 35

유기경 (한국도로공사 도로교통연구원 환경연구실) , 최지연 (공주대학교 건설환경공학과) , 강희만 (한국도로공사 도로교통연구원 환경연구실) , 김이형 (공주대학교 건설환경공학과)

초록
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도시지역은 토지이용 변화, 교통량 증가, 인구집중, 불투수면의 증가 등으로 인하여 강우시 유출유량 및 비점오염물질 유출량이 높은 지역이다. 도시지역의 늘어난 유출유량과 비점오염물질은 하천의 수질악화 및 수생태계에 악영향을 끼치며 이러한 영향은 Low Impact Development (LID) 기법을 활용하여 물 순환 구축을 통해 저감할 수 있다. 한국은 연간 총강수량의 80% 이상이 여름철에 집중되지만 발생 강우량의 80% 이상이 10 mm 이하의 소규모 강우이다. 따라서 10 mm 이하의 소규모 강우에 대응 가능한 비점오염저감시설을 개발할 시에는 물 순환 구축을 통한 비점오염원 관리가 효율적으로 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한국의 강우사상에 적용 가능한 침투여과시설을 개발하여 강우계급에 따른 시설의 효과검증을 수행하였다. 본 시설은 시설면적이 유역면적에 비하여 1.75%임에도 불구하고 누적 강우량 10 mm일 때 40% 이상의 높은 강우유출 저감량을 보였다. 이러한 높은 물 순환 효과는 비점오염물질 저감에도 크게 영향을 끼쳐 강우 계급 10 mm 이상에서 대부분의 오염물질이 60% 이상 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 토지이용이 집약적인 도심지에서 약 2%의 LID 면적만으로도 효과적인 강우유출량 및 비점오염 저감으로 도시내 물환경문제를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Urban areas generate large amounts of stormwater and non-point source (NPS) pollutants during rainfall events. These are caused by various land use runoffs, vehicular and human activities and increased impervious cover. The increased runoff and NPS pollutants cause water quality deterioration in the receiving waters and adversely affect the aqua-ecosystem. These environmental impacts could be reduced through the application of low impact development (LID) techniques. In Korea, more than 80% of the total rainfall occurs in summer and most of these were 10 mm or less. Therefore, if the LIDs developed were able to cope with rainfall of 10 mm and below, NPS management could be efficiently conducted. This research was performed to determine the effect of varying amounts of rainfall on the performance capability of an established infiltration and filtration facility (IF facility) that can be applied to Korea's common rainfall ranges. The IF facility area was 1.75% of the catchment area, however the facility treated more than 40% and 60% runoff volume and pollutant reduction respectively for a 10 mm rainfall. Lastly, higher volume and pollutant reduction could be attained when the LID area was at least 2% of the entire catchment.

주제어

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문제 정의

Due to the increase in impervious surface by urbanization, developed countries apply low impact development (LID) techniques as an important alternative to reduce the impacts of urbanization. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the applicability of an infiltration and filtration (IF) facility in various rainfall events based on the obtained volume and pollutant reduction capabilities. The following conclusions were drawn through this research:
따라서10mm 이하의 소규모 강우에 대응 가능한 비점오염저감시설을 개발할 시에는 물 순환 구축을 통한 비점오염원 관리가 효율적으로 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한국의 강우사상에 적용 가능한 침투여과시설을 개발하여 강우계급에 따른 시설의 효과 검증을 수행하였다.본 시설은 시설면적이 유역면적에 비하여 1.

가설 설정

1)The stormwater runoff entering the IF facility shows initial stage rainfall phenomenon in which highly concentrated pollutants are discharged at the initial stage of runoff. However, outflow shows stable concentration, and thus, IF facility can reduce delay runoff time, peak flow time, runoff and peak flow volume and pollutant concentrations.

제안 방법

Rainfall events in Korea were concentrated during summer and more than 80% of the annual rainfalls were 10mm and less. Based on this, the research also evaluates the volume and pollutant reduction of the IF facility during a 10 mm or less storm event. Finally, the results could suggest the design and maintenance/repair guidelines of an IF facility that could be implemented in Korea.
For most of the shorter events, the scheme was modified by adjusting the number of samples until the runoff flow ended (Kim and Kang, 2004a). Continuous measurements were also performed to monitor the inflow and outflow flow rates every five or ten minute interval using a 5-L capacity of graduated measuring container and a timer. The rainfall data were taken from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) with reference from weather stations nearby the monitoring sites.
Four samples were taken every five minutes for the first 15 min with the first sample collected as soon as runoff was evident, and two samples after 30 min and one hour, and more samples hourly thereafter until a maximum of 12 samples. For most of the shorter events, the scheme was modified by adjusting the number of samples until the runoff flow ended (Kim and Kang, 2004a). Continuous measurements were also performed to monitor the inflow and outflow flow rates every five or ten minute interval using a 5-L capacity of graduated measuring container and a timer.
By adding vegetation and limiting the infiltration capabilities, a bioretention cell or a constructed wetland could be developed. This research aims to evaluate the applicability of an infiltration and filtration (IF) facility in various rainfall events based on the obtained volume and pollutant reduction capabilities from the monitored 29 events. Rainfall events in Korea were concentrated during summer and more than 80% of the annual rainfalls were 10mm and less.
To evaluate the effects of the facility's volume and NPS pollutants reduction, and the facility's performance in various rainfall events, this research built a test-bed. The test-bed was installed in the landscaping areas within a college campus for feasibility of monitoring so that it can treat rainfall runoff generated from the road surface.

대상 데이터

The test-bed was installed in the landscaping areas within a college campus for feasibility of monitoring so that it can treat rainfall runoff generated from the road surface. The IF facility structure consists of an initial stage sedimentation tank, a trench media tank to remove fine particles, soluble materials and a final stage sedimentation tank (Fig. 1). Table 1 shows the characteristics of the facility, and the facility area is 1.
Continuous measurements were also performed to monitor the inflow and outflow flow rates every five or ten minute interval using a 5-L capacity of graduated measuring container and a timer. The rainfall data were taken from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) with reference from weather stations nearby the monitoring sites. Other in situ data gathered during the monitoring include antecedent dry day (ADD), rainfall duration, average rainfall intensity, and time before effluent starts of the hydraulic retention time (HRT).

이론/모형

For the collected water samples, TSS, COD and metals (Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb) were analysed based on Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water (APHA, AWWA, and WEF, 1992). Event mean concentration (EMC) for each monitored rainfall was calculated using Equation (2) (Irish et al.

성능/효과

2)Based on the storm events monitored, for rainfall of less than 5mm, the IF facility reduced 52% of the total runoff volume which entered the system. Beyond 10mm, the average volume which was reduced by the system was further decreased to 26%.
3)The NPS pollutants removal efficiency are 83%, 80% and 67~79% in TSS, COD and heavy metals, respectively, which are very high. This finding suggested that volume reduction through infiltration and retention mechanisms in the facility plays an important role in reducing the pollutant loads from road runoff.
4)The IF facility area was 1.75% of the catchment area, however the facility treated more than 40% and 60% runoff volume and pollutant reduction respectively for a 10 mm rainfall. Lastly, higher volume and pollutant reduction could be attained when the LID area was at least 2% of the entire catchment.
4 shows average removal efficiency of each pollutants in the IF facility for different ranges of the rainfall depth. The average removal efficiency of pollutants in the IF facility was 83% in TSS, 80% in COD and 67~79% in metals. The removal efficiency was very high, compared to a filtration facility or constructed wetland (MOE, 2014).
본 연구에서는 이러한 한국의 강우사상에 적용 가능한 침투여과시설을 개발하여 강우계급에 따른 시설의 효과 검증을 수행하였다.본 시설은 시설면적이 유역면적에 비하여 1.75%임에도 불구하고 누적 강우량 10mm일 때 40% 이상의 높은 강우유출 저감량을 보였다. 이러한 높은 물 순환 효과는 비점오염물질저감에도 크게 영향을 끼쳐 강우계급 10mm 이상에서대 부분의 오염물질이 60% 이상 저감되는 것으로 나타났다.
이러한 높은 물 순환 효과는 비점오염물질저감에도 크게 영향을 끼쳐 강우계급 10mm 이상에서대 부분의 오염물질이 60% 이상 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 토지이용이 집약적인 도심지에서 약 2%의 LID 면적만으로도 효과적인 강우유출량 및 비점오염저감으로도 시내 물환경문제를 개선 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
75%임에도 불구하고 누적 강우량 10mm일 때 40% 이상의 높은 강우유출 저감량을 보였다. 이러한 높은 물 순환 효과는 비점오염물질저감에도 크게 영향을 끼쳐 강우계급 10mm 이상에서대 부분의 오염물질이 60% 이상 저감되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 토지이용이 집약적인 도심지에서 약 2%의 LID 면적만으로도 효과적인 강우유출량 및 비점오염저감으로도 시내 물환경문제를 개선 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

참고문헌 (18)

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상세보기
Department of Environmental Resources (DER). (1999). Low-Impact Development: an Integrated Design Approach, Department of Environmental Resources, Prince George's County, Maryland, USA.
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상세보기
Irish, L. B., Barrett, M. E., Malina, J. F., and Charbeneau, R. J. (1998). Use of Regression Models for Analyzing Highway Stormwater Loads, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124(10), pp. 987-993.

상세보기
Kim, L. H. and Kang, J. H. (2004a). Determination of Event Mean Concentrations and Pollutant Loadings in Highway Storm Runoff, Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, 20(6), pp. 631-640. [Korean Literature]
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원문보기 상세보기
Maniquiz, M. C., Lee, S. Y., Min, K. S., Kim, J. H., and Kim, L. H. (2012). Diffuse Pollutant Unit Loads of Various Transportation Land Uses, Desalination and Water Treatment, 38, pp. 308-315.

상세보기
Perdikaki, K. and Mason, C. F. (1999). Impact of Road Runoff on Receiving Streams in Eastern England, Water Research, 33(7), pp. 1627-1633.

상세보기
Sansalone, J. J. and Buchberger, S. G. (1997). Characterization of Solid and Metal Element Distributions in Urban Highway Stormwater, Water Science and Technology, 36(8-9), pp. 155-160.

상세보기
Son, H. G., Lee, E. J., Lee, S. Y., and Kim, L. H. (2008). Determination of Nonpoint Pollutant Unit Loads in Toll-gate of Highway, Journal of Wetlands Research, 10(1), pp. 69-75. [Korean Literature]
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