Substitution of soybean meal with detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal: Effects on performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility of growing pigs원문보기
Li, Yang
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Chen, Ling
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Zhang, Yuhui
(College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University)
,
Wu, Jianmei
(College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University)
,
Lin, Yan
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Fang, Zhengfeng
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Che, Lianqiang
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Xu, Shengyu
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
,
Wu, De
(Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Nutrition Institute)
Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJM) in growing pig diets on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and meat edibility. Methods: A total of 144 pigs with initial body w...
Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJM) in growing pig diets on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and meat edibility. Methods: A total of 144 pigs with initial body weight of $20.47{\pm}1.44kg$, were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 4 pigs per replication for a period of 79 days. Six diets (DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75) were formulated using DJM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% of SBM. From d 37 to 42, feces and urine were total collected from six barrows in each treatment. At day 79, thirty-six pigs were slaughtered for sampling. The feed intake and weight gain were recorded, while the intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility and the content of residual phorbol esters in muscles were determined. Results: The results showed that increasing the replacement of SBM with DJM decreased the parameters including body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, weight and villus heights of duodenum, villus height and villus height/crypt depth of jejunum, digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, and trypsin) activities, and nutrients digestibility (nitrogen deposition, digestibility of nitrogen, energy digestibility, and total nitrogen utilization) (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05) and there was no significant difference among DJM0, DJM15, and DJM30 in all measured indices. The highest diarrhea morbidity was observed in DJM75 (p<0.05). Phorbol esters were not detected in pig muscle tissues. Conclusion: The DJM was a good protein source for pigs, and could be used to replace SBM up to 30% (diet phorbol esters concentration at 5.5 mg/kg) in growing pig diets with no detrimental impacts on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility.
Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with different levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (DJM) in growing pig diets on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and meat edibility. Methods: A total of 144 pigs with initial body weight of $20.47{\pm}1.44kg$, were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 4 pigs per replication for a period of 79 days. Six diets (DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75) were formulated using DJM to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% of SBM. From d 37 to 42, feces and urine were total collected from six barrows in each treatment. At day 79, thirty-six pigs were slaughtered for sampling. The feed intake and weight gain were recorded, while the intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility and the content of residual phorbol esters in muscles were determined. Results: The results showed that increasing the replacement of SBM with DJM decreased the parameters including body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, weight and villus heights of duodenum, villus height and villus height/crypt depth of jejunum, digestive enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase, and trypsin) activities, and nutrients digestibility (nitrogen deposition, digestibility of nitrogen, energy digestibility, and total nitrogen utilization) (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05) and there was no significant difference among DJM0, DJM15, and DJM30 in all measured indices. The highest diarrhea morbidity was observed in DJM75 (p<0.05). Phorbol esters were not detected in pig muscle tissues. Conclusion: The DJM was a good protein source for pigs, and could be used to replace SBM up to 30% (diet phorbol esters concentration at 5.5 mg/kg) in growing pig diets with no detrimental impacts on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility.
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문제 정의
Our previous study had shown that DJM is a good protein source for growing pigs, and can replace 30% of SBM in the diet [12]. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of DJM in growing pigs on growth performance, enzymes activities, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility, and find out the optimal level of DJM for replacement of SBM.
가설 설정
2) Digestive enzyme activities in the small intestinal contents are expressed as U/mg protein.
제안 방법
Crypt depth (μm) and villus height (μm) in the small intestine were measured with JD801 morphologic image analysis software, and then villus height/crypt depth (V/C) calculated as the villus height divided by the crypt depth.
Meanwhile, the hoppers were checked daily to ensure ad libitum access and minimize feed wastage. Daily feed intake per pen was recorded to calculate average daily feed intake (ADFI) and pigs were weighted individually at the end of experiment to calculate average daily gain (ADG). Afterwards, gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was calculated from ADFI and ADG.
Water and diets were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. Pigs were fed 3 times a day at 08:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h. A sufficient amount of feed was placed in the hopper to ensure that feed was always available.
44 kg) were allotted to six treatments for a 79-day study on the basis of weight, age and sex. The treatments were the diets which replaced 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% of SBM with DJM expressed as DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75, respectively. There were four pigs per pen (2 females and 2 males) and 6 pens per treatment.
A total of 12 to 20 intact, well-oriented crypt-villus units per sample were selected randomly and measured. Villus height was measured from the tip of the villus to the base between individual villus, and crypt depth measurements were taken from the valley between individual villus to the basal membrane. Images of the sections were captured at the magnification of 100× using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a DP70 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
대상 데이터
Images of the sections were captured at the magnification of 100× using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a DP70 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
Pigs were housed in a totally enclosed room with 36 pens (2.0×2.5 m).
The DJM (Table 1) used in this study was obtained from China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). The seeds were shelled by husking machine and crushed by rod-toothed crushers bought from Jiangsu Zhengchang Co.
The present experiment was conducted between September and December 2012 at the Research Farm of Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China.
이론/모형
Similarly, urine was pooled, weighted, homogenized and subsampled for chemical analyses. Samples of feces and urine were analyzed for nitrogen content determined by the Kjeldahl method using a Kjeltec 8400 Analyzer Unit (Foss, Sweden) and gross energy with an Parr 1281 isoperibol bomb calorimeter (Parr Instrument Company, Moline, IL, USA). Nitrogen deposition (ND) of each pig was obtained as the difference between nitrogen intake (NI) and nitrogen losses in the feces (NF) and urine (NU).
성능/효과
1) DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 were diets in which the detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal was included in the diets to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean meal with phorbol esters concentration 0, 2.75, 5.50, 8.25, 11.00, and 13.75 mg/kg diet, respectively.
1) DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 were diets in which the detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal was included in the diets to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean meal with phorbol esters concentration 0, 2.75, 5.50, 8.25, 11.00, and 13.75 mg/kg diets, respectively.
1) DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 were diets in which the detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal was included in the diets to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean meal with phorbol esters concentration 0, 2.75, 5.50, 8.25, 11.00, and 13.75 mg/kg diet, respectively.
1) DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 were diets in which the detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal was included in the diets to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean meal with phorbol esters concentration 0, 2.75, 5.50, 8.25, 11.00, and 13.75 mg/kg diets, respectively.
1) DJM0, DJM15, DJM30, DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 were diets in which the detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal was included in the diets to replace 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, and 75% soybean meal, respectively.
4) Provided per kilogram of complete diet: 20 mg of Cu as CuSO4; 150 mg of Fe as FeSO4; 0.3 mg of I as KI; 150 mg of Zn as ZnSO4; 30 mg of Mn as MnSO4; 0.3 mg of Se as Na2SeO3.
For all trial periods, increasing replacement of SBM with DJM decreased body weight, ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs (linear, p<0.01; quadratic, p<0.01; Table 4) with pigs fed DJM45, DJM60, and DJM75 gaining lower body weight, ADG, ADFI, and G:F than pigs fed DJM0 (p<0.05).
The results obtained in the present study indicated that DJM could be used to replace SBM for CP supply up to a maximum 30% (diet PEs concentration at 5.5 mg/kg) in growing pig diet with no effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and meat edibility of growing pigs.
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