Depending on the mode of nutrition exploitation, major fungal guilds are distinguished as ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. It is generally known that diverse environmental factors influence fungal communities; however, it is unclear how fungal communities respond differently to environment fa...
Depending on the mode of nutrition exploitation, major fungal guilds are distinguished as ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. It is generally known that diverse environmental factors influence fungal communities; however, it is unclear how fungal communities respond differently to environment factors depend on fungal guilds. In this study, we investigated basidiomycetes communities associated with Quercus mongolica using 454 pyrosequencing. We attempted to detect guild pattern (ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungal communities) by comparing the influence of geography and source (root and surrounding soil). A total of 515 mOTUs were detected from root (321) and soil (394) of Q. mongolica at three sites of Mt. Jeombong in Inje County. We found that patterns of diversity and community structure were different depending on the guilds. In terms of alpha diversity, only ectomycorrhizal fungi showed significant differences between sources. In terms of community structure, however, geography significantly influenced the ectomycorrhizal community, while source appeared to have a greater influence on the saprotrophic community. Therefore, a guildbased view will help to elucidates novel features of the relationship between environmental factors and fungal communities.
Depending on the mode of nutrition exploitation, major fungal guilds are distinguished as ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. It is generally known that diverse environmental factors influence fungal communities; however, it is unclear how fungal communities respond differently to environment factors depend on fungal guilds. In this study, we investigated basidiomycetes communities associated with Quercus mongolica using 454 pyrosequencing. We attempted to detect guild pattern (ectomycorrhizal or saprotrophic fungal communities) by comparing the influence of geography and source (root and surrounding soil). A total of 515 mOTUs were detected from root (321) and soil (394) of Q. mongolica at three sites of Mt. Jeombong in Inje County. We found that patterns of diversity and community structure were different depending on the guilds. In terms of alpha diversity, only ectomycorrhizal fungi showed significant differences between sources. In terms of community structure, however, geography significantly influenced the ectomycorrhizal community, while source appeared to have a greater influence on the saprotrophic community. Therefore, a guildbased view will help to elucidates novel features of the relationship between environmental factors and fungal communities.
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문제 정의
This study was supported by the research project for exploring potential fungal diversity in forest soil (KNA1-1-14, 14-2) from the Korea National Arboretum.
제안 방법
We assigned mOTUs to the genus level. After removing non-fungal and single-ton mOTUs, we rarified the number of sequences to the minimum reads number for further analysis. Alpha diversity indices and community distance (Bray–Curtis) were calculated in QIIME.
In this study, we investigated guild related community patterns associated with Q. mongolica with samples from both the root system and surrounding soil using 454 pyrosequencing. We focused on the basidiomycetes community because of their relative importance in forest ecology as both EMF and SPF [24].
대상 데이터
Pyrosequencing was conducted using the 454 GS FLX plus platform at Macrogen (Seoul, Korea) in the reverse direction. Sequence data were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) (PRJNA362705).
성능/효과
All mOTUs belonged to Agaricomycetes except Cryptococcus (Tremellomycetes). Among 515 mOTUs detected in this study, 473 mOTU were classified into 53 basidiomycetes genera (two classes, 15 orders, and 30 families) and the other 42 mOTU were not classified. Three hundred and twenty-one mOTUs and 394 mOTUs were found in root and soil, respectively.
In a comparison of all basidiomycetes communities, 33 genera were found in both sample sources, while eight genera were found only in root samples and 12 genera were found only in soil (Table 1). Among the three sampling sites and both guilds, 15 genera were commonly found in all root communities, and considered as core genera (Table 1; Figure 1) and, based on relative abundance, Sebacina, Russula, Tomentella, Cryptococcus, and Mycena were the major core genera associated with Q. mongolica (Table 1). Most genera were overlapped together between spring and summer (Table 1).
4%) (Table 1). Cryptococcus (6.2%) was the most abundant SPF genus found in both sample types, followed by Mycena (4.9%), Marasmiellus (2.6%), Marasmius (1.8%), Galerina (1.4%), and Trechispora (1.4%). In both root and soil samples, the proportion of EMF was higher than that of SPF, while there was no difference in guild proportion depending on sampling site and season (Table 1).
Among the 15 core genera, nine were EMF and six were SPF. In root samples, the major EMF genus was Sebacina, which was more than twice as abundant as the next most common genus, Russula (relative abundance: 25.5% and 10.4%, respectively). The next most common EMF genera found in root samples were Tomentella (6.
In soil samples, Cryptococcus was far more abundant than any other genera (>an order of magnitude), while in root samples, Mycena was the most abundant genus, however, the relative abundance of other major SPF genera in root samples was not dramatically lower (range: 2.5–5.3%).
9%). In soil samples, Sebacina was also dominant, and more than twice as abundant, as Russula (relative abundance: 32.1% and 14.8%, respectively). The next most common EMF genera found in soil samples were Tomentella (8.
Of the six major SPF genera, all were detected in root samples, and 50% were detected in both soil and root samples. Mycena and Marasmiellus were the dominant SPF genera in root samples (relative abundance: 9.2% and 5.3%, respectively), followed by Marasmius (3.7%), Cryptococcus (3.1%), Galerina (2.9%), and Trechispora (2.5%). In soil, Cryptococcus was by far the most abundant genus with a relative abundance (9.
Many fungi–tree association studies, especially those of oak trees, focused on the EMF community. Our results, however, show that various SPF genera are also closely associated with Q. mongolica, relatively independent of geography, which suggests that SPF are an essential component of the core fungal community associated with oak species.
mongolica. Sebacina, Russula, Tomentella, and Amanita were major EMF, while Cryptococcus, Mycena, Marasmiellus, and Marasmius were major SPF. The proportion and alpha diversity of EMF were higher in soil than those of SPF.
The number of mOTUs (p ¼ .003), chao1 richness (p ¼ .016), and Shannon’s diversity (p ¼ .031) were significantly higher in the soil than in root samples, Shannon’s evenness was not significant (p ¼ .249).
However, a recent study showed little overlap between soil and root fungal communities (just 27% of OTUs in soil community) [23]. This result suggests that the soil fungal community may not adequately represent the overall fungal community associated with Q. mongolica, and that both root and soil samples should be sampled in order to fully understand fungal guilds associated with Q. mongolica.
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