[논문]Gender Dfferences in Ground Reaction Force Components

Park, Sang-Kyoon; Koo, Seungbum; Yoon, Suk-Hoon; Park, Sangheon; Kim, Yongcheol; Ryu, Ji-Seon

doi:10.5103/kjsb.2018.28.2.101

Gender Dfferences in Ground Reaction Force Components 원문보기

한국운동역학회지 = Korean journal of sport biomechanics, v.28 no.2, 2018년, pp.101 - 108

Park, Sang-Kyoon (Department of Physical Education, Korea National Sport University) , Koo, Seungbum (Biomechanics Lab, Chung-ang University) , Yoon, Suk-Hoon (Department of Community Sport, Korea National Sport University) , Park, Sangheon (Institute of Sport Science, Korea National Sport University) , Kim, Yongcheol (Biomechanics Lab, Chung-ang University) , Ryu, Ji-Seon (Department of Health and Exercise Science, Korea National Sport University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in ground reaction force (GRF) components among different speeds of running. Method: Twenty men ($age=22.4{\pm}1.6years$, $mass=73.4{\pm}8.4kg$, $height=176.2{\pm}5.6cm$) and twenty women ($age=20.7{\pm}1.2years$, $mass=55.0{\pm}8.2kg$, $height=163.9{\pm}5.3cm$) participated in this study. All participants were asked to run on an instrumented dual belt treadmill (Bertec, USA) at 8, 12, and 16 km/h for 3 min, after warming up. GRF data were collected from 30 strides while they were running. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA, and level of significance was set at p-value <.05. Results: The time to passive peaks was significantly earlier in women than in men at three different running speeds (p<.05). Further, the impact loading rates were significantly greater in women than in men at three different running speeds (p<.05). Moreover, the propulsive peak at 8 km/h, which is the slowest running speed, was significantly greater in women than in men (p<.05), and the vertical impulse at 16 km/h, which is the fastest running speed, was significantly greater in men than in women (p<.05). The absolute anteroposterior impulse at 8 km/h was significantly greater in women than in men (p<.05). In addition, as the running speed increased, impact peak, active peak, impact loading rate, breaking peak, propulsive peak, and anteroposterior impulse were significantly increased, but vertical impulse was significantly decreased (p<.05). Conclusion: The impact loading rate is greater in women than in men regardless of different running speeds. Therefore, female runners might be exposed to the risk of potential injuries related to the bone and ligament. Moreover, increased running speeds could lead to higher possibility of running injuries.

주제어

표/그림 (12)

그림 Figure 1. Vertical reaction forces of one running speed condition of an individual. Dot circles that indicated the fifth and tenth steps of the right foot were used in the analysis.
그림 Figure 2. Anteroposterior reaction forces of one running speed condition of an individual. Dot circles that indicated the fifth and tenth steps of the right foot were used in the analysis.
그림 Figure 3. Analyzed components of the vertical and anteroposterior reaction forces
표 Table 1. Mean and SD (standard deviation) of variables and the results of the statistical test within and between genders by running speed
그림 Figure 4. Gender differences in impact peak at each running speed
그림 Figure 5. Gender differences in active peak at each running speed
그림 Figure 6. Gender differences in time to passive peak at each running speed (* indicates p<.05)
그림 Figure 7. Gender differences in impact loading rate at each running speed
그림 Figure 8. Gender differences in breaking peak at each running speed
그림 Figure 9. Gender differences in propulsive peak at each running speed
그림 Figure 10. Gender differences in vertical impulse at each running speed
그림 Figure 11. Gender differences in absolute anteroposterior impulse at each running speed

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문제 정의

This study was aimed at characterizing the gender differences in the components of the GRF at increasing running speeds. The aims of this study were to 1) analyze the impact force, impact loading rate, and impulse in the vertical GRF during the stance phase of running and 2) evaluate the breaking force, propulsive force, and impulse in the anteroposterior GRF.
This study was aimed at characterizing the gender differences in the vertical and anteroposterior components of the GRF that occur as the running speed is increased. Considering that the impact loading rate was greater among female athletes than among male athletes, it appears that women are more exposed to the risk of potential running injuries related to the bone and ligament.
This study was conducted to characterize the gender differences in GRF components, which are important determinants of running, that occur as the running speed is increased.

가설 설정

Atwater (1990) claimed that female adults have lower height, mass, and body fat percentage compared with men and differences exist in dynamic factors between men and women during running. They hypothesized that the differences in the dynamic factors may be what gives rise to the injury characteristics observed in women and, therefore, assessed the gender difference in the body structure as a cause of running injuries.

대상 데이터

Twenty men (age=22.4±1.6 years, mass=73.4±8.4 kg, height=176.2 ±5.6 cm) and twenty women (age=20.7±1.2 years, mass=55.0±8.2 kg, height=163.9±5.3 cm) participated in this study.

데이터처리

One-way ANOVA was used to investigate the differences in the variables at different running speeds within and between genders. The level of statistical significance was set at p-value<.

성능/효과

Thus, it appears that the lower limb muscles play a more significant role in improving the level of achievement in male than female runners at fast running speeds (Weyand, Sternlight, Bellizzi, & Wright, 2000). In this study, aside from the time variable, a variable that significantly decreased as the running speed was increased for both men and women was vertical impulse. The reason why vertical impulse decreases as the running speed is increased may be that the leg muscles have enough time to generate a force needed to accelerate the body (Dorn et al.
In this study, the time to impact force peak that occurs at the moment the foot is in contact with the ground was shorter in women than in men at all running speeds. Although a more detailed analysis on this gender difference is necessary, this finding is related to a previous report that women, who have relatively short statures, run at higher frequency rates than men at fixed running speeds and thus experience a shorter stance phase (Ferber et al.
In this study, there was no difference in the maximum breaking GRF, which is created in the posterior direction in the early stance phase of running between both genders at all running speeds. However, the maximum propulsive force, which works in the anterior direction in the late stance phase, was significantly higher in women than in men at the low running speed of 8 km/h.

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