[논문]축사 주변의 악취 및 부유분진의 CALPUFF 모델링: 계사 중심으로

임광희

doi:10.9713/kcer.2019.57.1.90

축사 주변의 악취 및 부유분진의 CALPUFF 모델링: 계사 중심으로
CALPUFF Modeling of Odor/suspended Particulate in the Vicinity of Poultry Farms 원문보기

Korean chemical engineering research = 화학공학, v.57 no.1, 2019년, pp.90 - 104

초록
AI-Helper

본 연구에서는 시간별 실제 기상데이터를 토대로 한 CALPUFF 모델링 수행을 통하여 민원지역에 대한 신뢰성이 있는 모델링 결과를 도출하였다. 무창형 계사 P1 및 P2의 방진망 구조물(chamber) 및 개방형 계사 P3로부터의 오염원 배출 및 확산거동을, 부피오염원으로서의 CALPUFF 모델링 또는 각 방향의 배출면적을 가중치로 한 수직 배기의 평균 선속도인 모델 배출 선속도($u^M_y$)를 적용한 점오염원으로서의 최종 CALPUFF 모델링으로 구현하였다. 또한 계사 P1, P2 및 P3에서의 배출되는 악취 및 분진오염원 배출량에 대한 각각의 제거효율(0, 20, 50 및 80%) 또는 각각 대응되는 emission rate (100, 80, 50 및 20%)에 따른 시나리오를 기본으로, CALPUFF 모델링을 수행하여 각각에 대한 민원지역의 농도예측을 수행하였다. 이러한 민원지역에 대한 암모니아, 황화수소, $PM_{2.5}$ 및 $PM_{10}$에 대한 농도예측과 악취방지법 및 대기환경법에서 요구되는 오염물질 농도와 비교하여, 계사 P1, P2 및 P3에 요구되는 암모니아, 황화수소, $PM_{2.5}$ 및 $PM_{10}$에 대한 제거율을 산정하였다. 그 결과로서, "P1, P2 및 P3에서 각각의 배출농도를 줄인 비율만큼 각각의 discrete receptor에서의 농도가 같은 비율로 감소한다"는 가정(a priori assumption)이 본 CALPUFF 모델링 범위 내에서 적용 가능함이 입증되었다. 한편 부피오염원을 적용한 CALPUFF 모델링을 수행한 경우에서 방지시설의 요구되는 제거효율은, 점오염원을 적용한 CALPUFF 모델링을 수행한 경우와 비교하였을 때에 P1의 경우에는 상호간에 유사하였으나, P2와 P3에서 암모니아와 $PM_{10}$의 경우에 더 높게 나타났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 민원해결을 위한 안전한 접근방법으로서 부피오염원으로서 CALPUFF 모델링을 선정하였다. 이에 따라서 본 연구에서는 암모니아, 황화수소, $PM_{2.5}$ 및 $PM_{10}$와 같은 오염원배출에 대하여 무창형 계사 P1 및 P2에 요구되는 정량적 방지수준을 타당하게 도출하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

In this study, CALPUFF modeling was performed, using a real surface and upper air meterological data to predict trustworthy modeling-results. Pollutant-releases from windscreen chambers of enclosed poultry farms, P1 and P2, and from a open poultry farm, P3, and their diffusing behavior were modeled by CALPUFF modeling with volume sources as well as by finally-adjusted CALPUFF modeling where a linear velocity of upward-exit gas averaged with the weight of each directional-emitting area was applied as a model-linear velocity ($u^M_y$) at a stack, with point sources. In addition, based upon the scenario of poultry farm-releasing odor and particulate matter (PM) removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% or their corresponding emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively, CALPUFF modeling was performed and concentrations of odor and PM were predicted at the region as a discrete receptor where civil complaints had been frequently filed. The predicted concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were compared with those required to meet according to the offensive odor control law or the atmospheric environmental law. Subsequently their required removal efficiencies at poultry farms of P1, P2 and P3 were estimated. As a result, a priori assumption that pollutant concentrations at their discrete receptors are reduced by the same fraction as pollutant concentrations at P1, P2 and P3 as volume source or point source, were controlled and reduced, was proven applicable in this study. In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of P1 compared with those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, were predicted similar each other. However, In case of volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling, its required removal efficiencies of both ammonia and $PM_{10}$ at not only P2 but also P3 were predicted higher than those of point source-adopted CALPUFF modeling. Nonetheless, the volume source-adopted CALPUFF modeling was preferred as a safe approach to resolve civil complaints. Accordingly, the required degrees of pollution prevention against ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ at P1 and P2, were estimated in a proper manner.

주제어

표/그림 (24)

그림 Fig. 1. Structure of CALPUFF modeling system.
그림 Fig. 2. Annual and seasonal wind rose diagram of Seongju in 2016:A. Annual; B. Spring; C. Summer; D. Fall; E. Winter.
표 Table 1. Location and scale of main poultry farms in the area of Seongju
표 Table 2. Determination of emission rates of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from a poultry farm (unit: g/s)[20]
표 Table 3. Determination of emission rates of particulate matters from a poultry farm (unit: g/s)[14]
그림 Fig. 3. A dust-proof screen chamber attached to the side wall equipped with multi-ventilation fans, of enclosed poultry building: 1. Roof; 2. Rear of the dust-proof screen chamber facing the side wall equipped with multi-ventilation fans; 3. Front; 4. Sides; 5. Ventilation fans; 6. Enclosed poultry building.
표 Table 4. Information of the model domain
표 Table 5. Terrain input data
표 Table 6. Surface meterological input data
표 Table 7. Upper air meterological input data
표 Table 8. Volume source parameters and emission rates of odor (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) and particulate matters (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) for CALPUFF modeling from the major poultry farms in the area of Seongju
표 Table 9. Design factors regarding the stack of point sources for preliminary CALPUFF modeling from the major poultry farms in the area of Seongju
표 Table 10. Point source parameters and emission rates of odor (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) and particulate matters (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) for preliminary CALPUFF modeling from the major poultry farms in the area of Seongju
표 Table 11. Design factors regarding the stack of point sources for finally adjusted CALPUFF modeling from the major poultry farms in the area of Seongju
표 Table 12. Point source parameters and emission rates of odor (ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) and particulate matters (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) for finally adjusted CALPUFF modeling from the major poultry farms in the area of Seongju
그림 Fig. 4. Odor (ammonia(A) and hydrogen sulfide(B)) and particulate matter (PM_2.5(C) and PM₁₀(D)) concentrations of 1^st through 4^th ranking at discrete receptors of P1, P2 and P3 in the year of 2016, predicted by preliminary CALPUFF modeling; 1RANK (P1(7/9/22:00), P2 (8/3/22:00) and P3 (7/15/18:00)), 2RANK (P1(5/23/13:00), P2 (8/10/20:00) and P3 (9/17/14:00)), 3RANK (P1(7/30/08:00), P2 (8/3/04:00) and P3 (5/4/16:00)), and 4RANK (P1(7/27/15:00), P2 (8/3/03:00) and P3 (9/4/16:00)).
그림 Fig. 5. Odor (ammonia(A) and hydrogen sulfide(B)) and particulate matter (PM_2.5(C) and PM₁₀(D)) concentrations of 1^st through 4^th ranking at discrete receptors of P1, P2 and P3 in the year of 2016, predicted by finally adjusted CALPUFF modeling; 1RANK (P1(7/9/22:00), P2 (8/3/22:00) and P3 (7/15/18:00)), 2RANK (P1(5/23/13:00), P2 (8/10/20:00) and P3 (9/17/14:00)), 3RANK (P1(7/30/08:00), P2 (8/3/ 04:00) and P3 (5/4/16:00)), and 4RANK (P1(7/27/15:00), P2 (8/3/03:00) and P3 (9/4/16:00)).
표 Table 13. Required removal efficiencies by the performance of pollution control facilities according to the 1RANK-result of point source-CALPUFF modeling
그림 Fig. 6. 1^st ranked-concentration of emitting gas from poultry farms (P1(A), P2(B) and P3(C)), at a corresponding discrete receptor, predicted by finally adjusted CALPUFF modeling, assuming being treated by pollution control facilities with the removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% corresponding to the pollutant emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively.
표 Table 14. Required removal efficiencies by the performance of pollution control facilities, based on the 1RANK-result of point source-CALPUFF modeling, assuming being treated by pollution control facilities with the removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% corresponding to the pollutant emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively.
그림 Fig. 7. Odor (ammonia(A) and hydrogen sulfide(B)) and particulate matter (PM_2.5(C) and PM₁₀(D)) concentrations of 1^st through 4^th ranking at discrete receptors of P1, P2 and P3 in the year of 2016, predicted by volume source CALPUFF modeling; 1RANK (P1(7/9/22:00), P2 (2/25/02:00) and P3 (6/23/02:00)), 2RANK (P1(7/28/03:00), P2 (3/28/02:00) and P3 (6/2/03:00)), 3RANK (P1(4/21/00:00), P2 (2/25/18:00) and P3 (5/28/04:00)), and 4RANK (P1(10/5/22:00), P2 (10/9/03:00) and P3 (6/23/03:00)).
표 Table 15. Required removal efficiencies by the performance of pollution control facilities according to the 1RANK-result of volume source-CALPUFF modeling
그림 Fig. 8. 1^st ranked-concentrations of emitting gas from poultry farms (P1(A), P2(B) and P3(C)), at a corresponding discrete receptor, predicted by volume source CALPUFF modeling, assuming being treated by pollution control facilities with the removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% corresponding to the pollutant emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively.
표 Table 16. Required removal efficiencies by the performance of pollution control facilities, based on the 1RANK-result of volume source-CALPUFF modeling, assuming being treated by pollution control facilities with the removal efficiencies of 0, 20, 50 and 80% corresponding to the pollutant emission rates of 100, 80, 50 and 20%, respectively.

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	악취발생원 중심의 국지적인 관리가 필요한 이유는 무엇인가?	불규칙하고 간헐적인 발생특성을 가진 악취의 발생빈도가 민원 발생의 주요원인이고, 악취규제의 목적은 주로 민원 등의 불만을 야기 시키지 않는 것임을 고려하여 악취발생원 중심의 국지적인 관리가 필요하다. 따라서 악취측정과 배출허용기준을 포함한 악취배출에 대하여 여러 나라에서 입법되고 있으며[1-4], 우리나라에서도 2005년부터 악취방지법이 시행되고 있다.
	CALPUFF 모델링 수행은 무엇을 토대로 하는가?	본 연구에서는 시간별 실제 기상데이터를 토대로 한 CALPUFF 모델링 수행을 통하여 민원지역에 대한 신뢰성이 있는 모델링 결과를 도출하였다. 무창형 계사 P1 및 P2의 방진망 구조물(chamber) 및 개방형 계사 P3로부터의 오염원 배출 및 확산거동을, 부피오염원으로서의 CALPUFF 모델링 또는 각 방향의 배출면적을 가중치로 한 수직 배기의 평균 선속도인 모델 배출 선속도($u^M_y$)를 적용한 점오염원으로서의 최종 CALPUFF 모델링으로 구현하였다.
	2005년부터 악취방지법이 도입됨에도 불구하고 어떤 문제가 생기는가?	따라서 악취측정과 배출허용기준을 포함한 악취배출에 대하여 여러 나라에서 입법되고 있으며[1-4], 우리나라에서도 2005년부터 악취방지법이 시행되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 축산 농가의 사육형태가 집약적이고 기업화됨에 따라서, 축사 및 가축분뇨처리에서 발생하는 악취에 따른 민원이 자주 발생하여 사회적으로 문제가 제기되고 있다. 축산시설 중에서 닭 사육시설인 계사 및 계분퇴비에서 배출되는 악취는 일반적인 산업시설 또는 생활시설에서 배출되는 악취보다 악취의 농도, 강도 및 불쾌도 측면에서 더욱 크다고 보고되고 있다[5,6]. Ramiro과 Danny[7]는 mushroom 퇴비의 재료로서 사용되는 계분으로부터 미생물활성에 의하여 발생되는 암모니아의 농도는 너무 높아서 인간 및 동물 모두에게 위해하다고 보고하였다.

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동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

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