[논문]한국 연안에서 1999년부터 2017년까지 해수물성과 대기압 변화에 따른 계절 비천문조와 월평균 해수면 변화

변도성; 최병주; 김효원

doi:10.7850/jkso.2021.26.1.011

한국 연안에서 1999년부터 2017년까지 해수물성과 대기압 변화에 따른 계절 비천문조와 월평균 해수면 변화
Non-astronomical Tides and Monthly Mean Sea Level Variations due to Differing Hydrographic Conditions and Atmospheric Pressure along the Korean Coast from 1999 to 2017 원문보기

바다 : 한국해양학회지 = The sea : the journal of the Korean society of oceanography, v.26 no.1, 2021년, pp.11 - 36

변도성 (국립해양조사원 해양과학조사연구실) , 최병주 (전남대학교 해양학과) , 김효원 (국립해양조사원 해양과학조사연구실)

초록
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비천문조인 연주조(Sa)와 반년주조(Ssa)는 해수특성 변화와 기상 상태에 영향을 받는 비대칭 월평균 해수면의 연변화와 관련이 깊다. 국립해양조사원이 운영하는 21개 조위관측소에서 관측한 1시간 간격의 19년(1999~2017년) 간 해수면 높이 자료에 대하여 두 종류의 조석 조화분해 프로그램(Task2K와 UTide)을 사용하여 Sa와 Ssa의 조화상수를 산출하였다. 조화분해에 사용되는 자료의 시작 시기와 길이에 따른 Sa의 안정도를 조사하였으며, Sa와 Ssa의 조화상수의 분포 특성을 살펴보았다. 먼저, 인천 조위관측소의 20년(1999~2018년) 해수면 관측자료를 1일씩 이동하면서 1년(369일) 조화분해를 수행하고 그 결과를 비교하였을 때, 두 프로그램 모두 자료의 시작 시기에 따라 Sa 조화상수가 불규칙하게 크게 변동한다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. Task2K가 Sa 분조 계산식에 근일점 천문변수를 고려하지 않아서, 두 프로그램 간에 약 78°의 지각 차가 났으며, 이들 진폭 차이는 1 cm 이하였다. 우리나라 연안에서는 Sa 조화상수가 해마다 크게 다르므로, 조위 예측 정확도와 관련하여 안정적인 조화상수 산출에 필요한 적절한 자료 길이를 결정하기 위해 관측자료 길이(1년, 2년, 3년, 5년, 9년, 19년)에 따른 인천 조위관측소의 Sa 조화상수 값의 변동성을 살펴보았다. 대표성 있는 Sa 조화상수를 구하기 위해서 조화분해를 수행할 때 5~9년 동안의 관측자료를 사용하면 조화상수 예측오차가 상당히 줄어들며, 19년 자료를 사용 것이 가장 바람직하다는 결론을 얻었다. Sa 분조의 진폭은 각 해역별로 다른 해양·대기 환경 특성에 의해 서해안에서 15.0~18.6 cm, 제주도를 포함한 남해안에서 10.7~17.5 cm이었으며, 울릉도를 포함한 동해안에서 10.5~13.0 cm이었다. 울릉도 등 동해 일부 해역을 제외하고 우리나라 연안에서 Ssa 분조의 영향으로 인해 연중 최고(최저) 해수면 높이가 발생하는 시기가 늦어(빨라)져서 해수면의 계절변화가 시간적으로 비대칭적인 특성을 보였다. 끝으로, 월평균 해수면, 대기압 보정 해수면, 비부피 높이 간 관계로부터 해수면의 해해변화와 계절변화의 비대칭성에 대기압 효과와 해수밀도가 가장 큰 영향을 끼친다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The solar annual (Sa) and semiannual (Ssa) tides account for much of the non-uniform annual and seasonal variability observed in sea levels. These non-equilibrium tides depend on atmospheric variations, forced by changes in the Sun's distance and declination, as well as on hydrographic conditions. Here we employ tidal harmonic analyses to calculate Sa and Ssa harmonic constants for 21 Korean coastal tidal stations (TS), operated by the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency. We used 19 year-long (1999 to 2017) 1 hr-interval sea level records from each site, and used two conventional harmonic analysis (HA) programs (Task2K and UTide). The stability of Sa harmonic constants was estimated with respect to starting date and record length of the data, and we examined the spatial distribution of the calculated Sa and Ssa harmonic constants. HA was performed on Incheon TS (ITS) records using 369-day subsets; the first start date was January 1, 1999, the subsequent data subset starting 24 hours later, and so on up until the final start date was December 27, 2017. Variations in the Sa constants produced by the two HA packages had similar magnitudes and start date sensitivity. Results from the two HA packages had a large difference in phase lag (about 78°) but relatively small amplitude (<1 cm) difference. The phase lag difference occurred in large part since Task2K excludes the perihelion astronomical variable. Sensitivity of the ITS Sa constants to data record length (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, and 19 years) was also tested to determine the data length needed to yield stable Sa results. HA results revealed that 5 to 9 year sea level records could estimate Sa harmonic constants with relatively small error, while the best results are produced using 19 year-long records. As noted earlier, Sa amplitudes vary with regional hydrographic and atmospheric conditions. Sa amplitudes at the twenty one TS ranged from 15.0 to 18.6 cm, 10.7 to 17.5 cm, and 10.5 to 13.0 cm, along the west coast, south coast including Jejudo, and east coast including Ulleungdo, respectively. Except at Ulleungdo, it was found that the Ssa constituent contributes to produce asymmetric seasonal sea level variation and it delays (hastens) the highest (lowest) sea levels. Comparisons between monthly mean, air-pressure adjusted, and steric sea level variations revealed that year-to-year and asymmetric seasonal variations in sea levels were largely produced by steric sea level variation and inverted barometer effect.

주제어

표/그림 (13)

그림 Fig. 1. Locations of the 21 tidal observation stations referred to in this study, along the west, south and east coasts of Korea, Jejudo and Ulleungdo. See Table 1 for the full tidal observation station names.
그림 Fig. 2. The theoretical amplitudes of the (a) S_a and (b) S_sa constituents for each latitude, calculated based on Equilibrium Tide Theory (i.e., Eqs. 1 and 2). The original amplitudes are in blue while those multiplied by the diminishing factor (0.69) are in red. Global distribution of (c) S_a and (d) S_sa amplitudes derived from FES2014 tide model data and (e, f) those derived for the marginal seas around Korea.
표 Table 1. S_a and S_sa tidal harmonic constant statistics (annual means and standard deviations) derived from tidal harmonic analyses of hourly sea-level observation records (1999 to 2017) observed at 21 tidal stations along the Korean coast, calculated using UTide (Codiga, 2011) and Task2K (Bell et al., 1999). The asymmetric factors (amplitude ratios and relative phase lag differences) are calculated from the Task2K results
표 Table 2. Comparison of the values associated with the S_a and S_sa constituents in UTide and in Task2K
그림 Fig. 3. The daily amplitudes (a) and phase lags (b) of the S_a constituent at Incheon Tidal Station, calculated from 369 day data slices of the 19 year Incheon sea level record using Task2K (blue line) and UTide (red line). Note that the first data slice began January 1, 1999, with each subsequent slice starting 24 hours after the first start date, until the final slice starting December 27, 2017). (c) Differences between the Task2K and UTide S_a amplitude and phase lag results shown in (a) and (b).
그림 Fig. 4. (a) Comparison of 2020 Incheon Tidal Station tidal height predictions produced based on S_a constants and calculated using Task2K (blue line) versus UTide (red line), and (b) their difference. See Table 1 for values of the Incheon S_a constants.
그림 Fig. 5. Amplitudes and phase lags of the S_a constituent based on harmonic analyses of different length sea level records (1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 19 years) from Incheon Tidal Station between 1999 and 2017. The solid line in each panel indicates the result of the 19-yr tidal harmonic analysis.
표 Table 3. Stability of Incheon S_a constants derived from harmonic analyses of different length records (1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 19 years) over the period 1999-2017 using UTide
그림 Fig. 6. (a) Root Mean Square Differences (RMSD) for Incheon S_a amplitudes and phase lags, and (b) mean (VDM) and standard deviation (VDstd) vector differences calculated from the harmonic analysis results produced for each experiment (E_n) with different sea level record lengths (n=1, 2, 3, 5, 9 and 19 years).
그림 Fig. 7. Monthly mean sea level (MSL) anomaly versus annual tidal height predictions for the S_a and S_sa constants derived from 19 year (1999-2017) sea-level records at (a) Incheon, (b) Busan, (c) Mukho and (d) Ulleungdo Tidal Stations.
그림 Fig. 8. Comparisons between 19-year-averaged monthly data on the mean sea level (MSL) anomaly, air pressure derived inverted barometric height, air pressure adjusted MSL anomaly (MSL anomaly + air pressure anomaly) and steric height anomaly, calculated from the 1999 to 2017 sea-level records of (a) Incheon, (b) Busan, (c) Mukho, and (d) Ulleungdo Tidal Stations, plus CTD and air-pressure records observed near each tidal station, provided by the National Institute of Fisheries Science and the Korea Meteorological Administration.
그림 Fig. 9. Inter-annual variation in mean sea level, air-pressure adjusted mean sea level, inverted barometer, and steric sea level monthly height anomalies at (a) Incheon, (b) Busan, (c) Mukho, and (d) Ulleungdo Tidal Stations, calculated from 19-year records (1999-2017).
표 Table 4. Comparison of harmonic analysis results for the S_a and S_sa constants derived using UTide and hourly-interval 19-year records (1999-2017) of air-pressure (APH), original sea level (STH) and air-pressure adjusted sea-level (ATH) from four tidal stations

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