참고문헌 (104)

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2. Koreiskya problema: novii vzglyad (Korean Problem: New Point of View) Torkunov A. 1995 

3. See A. Torkunov. E. Ufimtsev, op. cit. “Chapter I Koreiskii vopros: istoricheskya retrospectiva” (Korean Question: Historical Retrospective), pp. 5-39; “Khrushchev Remembers Part Two: The World Outside,” Chapter 11. The Korean War , ed., Strobe Talbott, (Boston: 1970), pp. 367-73; M. Trigubenko “The Role of the USSR in Liberating and Partitioning Korea” in Russia in the Far East and Pacific Region , eds., Il Yung Chung, Eunsook Chung (Seoul: 1994), pp. 21-58; R. Slusser, op. cit.; Krystina Kersten “Yalta Conference and Division of Korea” in Documents of the 5th International Conference on Korean Politics: The Division, 50 Years of Korean Independence and 50 Years of Korean Politics , held by The Korean Political Science Association, July 20-21, 1995, Seoul; Kim Chull Baum “US Policy on the Eve of the Korean War: Abandonment or Safeguard?” in Security in Korea: War, Stalemate and Negotiation , eds., Ph. Williams, D. Goldstein, H. Andrews, Boulder, 1981; Cho, Kyu-Wha “Russian Foreign Policy in the Far East from 1948 to 1950 and the Korean War” in Slavyahovedenie , Institut Rossiyskoi Federatsii, Universitet inostrannih Yazkov Hanguk, Seoul, No. 10, 1994; Kim Bu Ki, “Russia's North Korea Policy” in East Asian Review , Vol. VII No. 1, Spring 1995; Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Historical Branch, Occasional Papers No. 5, April 1992, Korea (London: 1992). 

4. Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta (1945), p. 770. 

5. Document No, 18 “Zayavlenie sovetskoi delegatsii v sovmestnoi sovetsko-amerikanskoi komissii po voprosu o vivode iz Korei sovetskih i americanskih voisk” (Statement of the Soviet Delegation in Joint Soviet-American Commission on the question of withdrawal from Korea Soviet and American troops), September 1947; Document No. 24 “Zayvlenie pravitelstva SSSR v svayzi s obrascheniem Ob'edinennogo soveschanya predstavitelei Severnoi i Yuznoi Korei k pravitelstvam SSSR i SSCHA PO voprosu o vivode inostrannih voisk iz Korei,” (Statement by the USSR Government in connection with Address by the Joint Consultative Meeting of the representatives of North and South Korea on the Question of the Withdrawal of Foreign Troops from Korea,” May 7, 1948; Document No. 27 “Soobschenie Ministerstva inostrannih del SSSR ob evakuatsii sovetskih voisk iz Severnoi Korei” (Communication by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR about Evacuation of the Soviet Troops from North Korea), September 20, 1948, in Relations of the Soviet Union with the People's Korea, 1945-1980, Documents and Materials (MOSCOW: 1981), pp. 27-31, 48-49, 53-54. 

6. Document No. 12 “Iz soobschenya o Moskovskom soveschanii ministrov inostrannih del SSSR, SSCHAi Velikobritanii, (From Information on Consultations Between Ministers of Foreign Affairs of USSR, US and Great Britain), December 27, 1945; Document No 13, “Soobschenie TASS otnositelno Moskovskogo soveschanya ministrov inostrannih del SSSR, SSCHA i Velikobritanii po voprosu o Koree” (TASU Information on the Decision of the Consultation of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of USSR, U.S. and Great Britain on the Korean Question,” January 25, 1946 in Relations of the Soviet Union with the People's Korea, 1945-1980: Documents and Materials (Moscow: 1981), pp. 18-22. 

7. V. Petrov “Soviet Foreign Policy-At the Threshold of Change?” presentation at the International Symposium held by The Center for American and Soviet Studies, Dankook University, August 21-24, 1985, Seoul. 

8. A. Gromyko, Memoirs (London: 1989), pp. 91-92. 

9. US Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, Vol. 8, Washington 1971, p. 653. 

10. See H. Kissinger Diplomacy (New York: 1994), p. 476; Kim Chull Baum, op. cit., p. 26. 

11. Cho Kyu-Wha, op. cit. 

12. For detailed analysis of the schools of thoughts on the origin of the Korean war see Hakjoon Kim “The Soviet Role in the Korean War” in Russia in the Far East , op. cit., pp. 59-80. 

13. “Khrushchev Remembers” Boston, 1970, p. 368; “Khruchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes,” Boston 1990, p. 147; A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, pp. 11-34. 

14. A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, p. 15. 

15. Ibid., p. 29. 

16. A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, p. 31. 

17. “For Lasting Peace, For People's Democracy” January 6, 1950, cited in Cho Kyu-Wha op. cit., pp. 288-90. 

18. D. Acheson “Crisis in Asia-An Examination of US Policy,” Department of State Bulletin, January 23, 1950, p. 115. 

19. H. Kissinger, p. 475. 

20. Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) statement on September 25, 1949. 

21. A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, p. 32. 

22. “Khrushchev's Remembers” p. 370. 

23. H. Kissinger, p. 477; D. Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: 1990), p. 163. 

24. A. Gromyko, Memoirs , pp. 101-102. 

25. Stalin I. V. “Talk with the 'Pravda' Correspondent” cited in N. Zagladin Istoriya uspehov i neudach Sovetskoi diplomutii (History of Success and Failure of the Soviet Diplomacy) (Moscow: 1990), p. 162. 

26. 10.1515/9781503622111 For details see S. Goncharov, J. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao and the Korean War (Stanford: 1993); V. Usov “Who Sent the Chinese Volunteers?” in Far Eastern Affairs , No. 1, 1991, pp. 167-172. 

    

27. Izvestia, July 1, 1994. 

28. See also H. Kissinger, op. cip., p. 483. 

29. Korea Herald. 

30. D. Rusk, As I Saw It (New York), p. 174. 

31. The US suggested to recognizing as the dividing line actual battle positions, in some places North of the 38 parallel, as well as repatriating North Korean and Chinese prisoners, taking into consideration their will. 

32. A. Gromyko, Memoirs , p. 164. 

33. For details see McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival: Choices about the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York: 1988), pp. 238-45. 

34. Cited in McGeorge Bundy, ibid., p. 239 

35. Ibid., p. 526. 

36. US Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1956 (Washington: 1956), pp. 234-35. 

37. Ibid., p. 487. 

38. F. Roberts, “Stalin, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis,” International Affairs , November 1991, p. 125. 

39. B. Slavinsky “Koreiskya voina 1950-53: sovremennoe pereosmyslenie” (Korea War: Modern Rethinking) in Fur Eastern Affairs , No. 2, 191, p. 89. 

40. By the end of the 1950s Kim Il Sung consolidated his political power at home. The North Korean economy achieved rapid growth, showing a GNP per capita increase of more than 20% and thus leaving South Korea behind in economic terms at that time. For details see Jae Kyu Park “North Korea's Democratic Confederal Republic of Koryo: A Critique” in Ate-Hwan Kwak, Chonghan Kim, Hong Nack Kim, eds. Korean Reunification: New Perspectives and Approaches (Seoul: 1994), pp. 71-74; Tae Hwan Ok “The Process of South-North Dialogue and Perspectives for Unification of Korea” in Korean Journal of National Unification , Vol. 1, 1992, pp. 96-97. 

41. “Zayavlenie Sovetskogo pravitelstva” (Statement by the Soviet Government) Izvestia , December 7, 1960. 

42. Pravda, July 7, 1961 

43. A. Torkunov and E. Ufimtsev, p. 38. 

44. “Relations of the Soviet Union with the People's Korea,” op. cit., Document No. 83, pp. 184-87. 

45. Ibid., Document No. 87, pp. 196-97. 

46. “A Comparative Study of South and North Korea,” ROK National Unification Board, Seoul, 1988, p. 237. 

47. D. Rusk, As I Saw It , p. 323. 

48. Kwon Heeyong, p. 22. 

49. See Khrushchev Remembers, pp. 559-618. 

50. See Chin O. Chung, Pyongyang between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958-1975 (The University of Alabama Press, 1978), pp. 40-46. 

51. N. Bazhanova, p. 319. 

52. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs (Moscow: 1991), pp. 342-45, cited in E. Bazhanov “Soviet Policy towards South Korea under Gorbachev” in Korea and Russia , op. cit., p. 62. 

53. “Relations of the Soviet Union with the People's Korea,” op. cit., pp. 92, 138, 164, 186, 201. 

54. Military Balance 1987-1988, International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) (London: 1987). 

55. Speech by Mohamed Mahathir at the International Financial Conference in Hongkong, June 3, 1985, p. 6 (translation into Russian). 

56. “Na Uchenom Sovete IMEMO AN SSSR. Tikhookeanskya problema na sovremennom etape” (At the Academic Council of the IMEMO, USSR Academy of Sciences. Pacific Ocean Problem at the Modern Stage of Development), in IMEMO Bulletin Mezdunarodnii Problemi No. 6, 1973 p. 61-87; V. Yakubovsky “Sovremennii problemi Tikhogo okeana. O zasedanii Uchenogo soveta IMEMO AN SSSR (Today's Problem of the Pacific Ocean. From the Session of the Academic Council of the IMEMO, USSR Academy of Sciences)” in Bulletin of the Soviet National Committee of the USSR Academy of Sciences Informatsionnii Soobschenia , July-October 1974, pp. 19-20. 

57. “Materiali XXIV s'ezda KPSS” (Documents of the CPSU XXIV Congress), Moscow, Politizdat , 1971, p. 10. 

58. “Materiali XXV s'ezda KPSS” (Documents of the CPSU XXV Congress), Moscow, Politizdat , 1976, pp. 7, 25-27. 

59. “Materiali XXVI s'ezda KPSS” (Documents of the CPSU Congress), Moscow, Politizdat , 1981, p. 5, p. 10. 

60. 10.1080/10163279309464514 For details see V. Tkachenko “Lessons of the Pueblo Crisis” in the Korean Journal of Defense Analysis , Vol. V. No. 2, Winter 1993, pp. 207-226; D. Rusk, As I Saw It , pp. 391-97. 

    

61. D. Rusk, p. 393. 

62. 10.1080/10163279309464514 V. Tkachenko “Lessons of the Pueblo Crisis,” op. cit. pp. 207-226. The author is grateful for additional information and explanations that he received during the talks with V. Tkachenko, being nowadays a colleague of his at the Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. 

    

63. Ibid., p. 392. 

64. Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Vneshnya Politika Sovetskogo Soyuza [Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union] (Moscow: 1978), p. 340. 

65. G. Boulychev, p. 91 

66. For details see Chin O. Chung, p. 137. 

67. A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, p. 43. 

68. Pravda, July 5, 1972. 

69. As an example see B. Grachev “Konstructivnya positsiya” (Constructive Position) Pravda , April 25, 1973. 

70. Prof. Hakjoon Kim cites statement on September 8, 1971, by Foreign Minister Gromyko who urged the United Nations world disarmament conference to be attended by “all nations.” Hakjoon Kim, Unification Policies of South and North Korea: A Comparative Study , Seoul National University Press (Seoul: 1978), pp. 335-36. 

71. “Problemi Dal'nego Vostoka” (Problems of the Far East), No. 2, 1977, p. 106. 

72. Kim Il Sung's welcoming speech for GDR General Secretary Honecker at a Pyongyang mass rally, December 10, 1977, cited in Chong-Shik Chung, Hak-Joong Kim, eds. Korean Unification Problems in the 1970s , Research Center for Peace and Unification (Seoul: 1980), pp. 353-55. 

73. A. Torkunov and E. Ufimtsev, p. 44. 

74. For details of a South Korean scholar's interpretation of the North Korean unification formula see Tae Hwan Ok “The Process of South-North Dialogue and Perspectives of Unification of Korea” in the Korean Journal of National Unification, Vol. 1, 1992, pp. 85-106. 

75. See Pravda August 15, 1974; August 15, 1976; Septemebr 9, 1976; August 15, 1978: September 9, 1978. 

76. “World Military Expenditure and Arms Transfers 1986,” US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington, DC, 1986, p. 144; Military Balance 1986-1987 , USS (London: 1986), p. 160. 

77. President Park Chung Hee's Independence Day message, cited in Chin O. Chung Pyongyang Between Peking and Moscow: North Korea's Involvement in the Sino-Soviet Dispute, 1958-1975 (University of Alabama Press), 1978, p. 151. 

78. Letter of May 2, 1973 in V. Yakubovsky's personal archive. 

79. “Korean Unification: Source Materials,” Research Center for Peace and Unification (Seoul: 1976), p. 339. 

80. Cited in “Korean Unification Problems in the 1970s” eds., Chong-Shik Chung, Hak-Joon Kim, Research Center for Peace and Unification, Seoul, 1980, p. 307. 

81. Vadim P. Tkachenko is the head of Center of Korean Affairs at the Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and served as First Secretary of the Soviet Embassy in Pyongyang in 1957-62 and Deputy Head of International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1962-91. 

82. Interview with Prof. Kim Kyu Taik on March 11, 1996. 

83. Interview with Prof. Kim Kyu-Taik on March 11, 1996. 

84. See Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A. Gromyko speech at the XXXV session of the UN General Assembly, Pravda , September 24, 1980. 

85. Pravda, June 6, 1980; June 25, 1980s; August 4, 1980; Mezdunarodnya Zhiznj (International Life), No. 7, 1980; Za Rubezom (Events Abroad), No. 23, May 30-June 5, 1980, pp. 7-8; Aziya i Africa Segodnya (Asia and Africa Today), No. 3 1980, pp. 15-18. 

86. Yuri Andropov: A Secret Passage into the Kremlin 1983 

87. See for details A. Dobrynin, op. cit., pp. 522-23. 

88. A. Dobrynin, op. cit., pp. 550-51. 

89. 10.1007/BF03025022 H. Gelman “Andropov's Policy toward Asia” in Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, Vol. II, No. 2, June 1983, pp. 3-11. 

    

90. Newsweek, September 26, 1983, p. 9 

91. V. Tkachenko, op. cit., p. 224 

92. A. Dobrynin, op. cit., p. 551. 

93. “Visit v Sovetskii Souz partiino-gosudarstvennoi delegatsii KNDR vo glave s General'nim sekretarem TsK TPK, Presidentom KNDR Kim Ir Senom, 23-25 maya 1984 goda” (Visit to the Soviet Union of the Party-State delegation of DPRK headed by the General Secretary of the CC KWP, President Kim Il Sung, May 23-25, 1984), Moscow, Politizdat , 1984, p. 12. 

94. Ibid., pp. 11-16. 

95. Ibid., p. 13. 

96. As an example see “Relations of the Soviet Union with the People's Korea” op. cit., p. 294. 

97. “Visit to the Soviet Union of the Party-State delegation of DPRK…” op. cit., p. 11; Pravda , November 6, 1984. 

98. Ibid., p. 12. 

99. See Hideshi Takesada “Soviet Policy toward the Korean Peninsula since 1984: Is It Shifting from the North to the South?” in the Korean Journal of International Studies , Vol. XXIII, No. 2, Summer 1992, p. 211. 

100. Yu. Dmitriev, “Vaznii vklad v ukreplenie Sovetsko-Koreiskoi druzbi” (Important Investment into Strengthening of Soviet-Korean Friendship” in International Life , No. 7, 1984, pp. 91-93; M. Ukraintsev “Sotrudnichestvo SSSR s sotsialisticheskimi stranami Azii i Kampuchiei” (Cooperation of the USSR with the Asian Socialist countries and Kampuchea) in Problems of the Fur East , No. 4, 1985, pp. 54-55; V. Godyna “SSSR-KNDR. Vzaimodeistviju krepnutj” (USSR-DPRK. To Strengthen Cooperation) in Novoe Vremja (New Times), No. 23, 1984, p. 7. 

101. According to Russian scholar A. Zhebin, as late as March 1984, about two months before Kim Il Sung's planned voyage to the Soviet Union, the Kremlin was not sure whether to go on with this visit, and only favorable report to the top Soviet officials by TASS Director-General S. Losev about his meeting with North Korean leader, cleared the way for him to Moscow. A. Zhebin “Russia and North Korea: An Emerging, Uneasy Partnership” in Asian Survey , Vol. XXXV, No. 8, August 1995, p. 728. 

102. A. Torkunov, E. Ufimtsev, op. cit., p. 46. 

103. A. Zhebin, op. cit., p. 729; H. Ellison, The Soviet Union and Northeast Asia , New York, University Press of America, 1989, p. 44; Hideshi Takesada, op. cit., p. 211. 

104. A. Gromyko “Leninskim kursom mira. Izbrannii rechi i stat'i,” (On Lenin's Course of Peace), Moscow, Politizdat , 1984, p. 492.