참고문헌 (32)

1. Ireland established diplomatic relations with North Korea in December 2003. As of now, three EU member states-Germany, the United Kingdom, and Sweden- have their respective permanent offices of their diplomatic missions in Pyongyang, and the ambassadors of the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece, and Luxembourg to South Korea respectively are accredited as ambassadors to North Korea. 

2. This document, dubbed the Solana Doctrine, under the title of “A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy” maps out the objectives and policies of the EU's security strategy. European Union, “A Secure Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy,” Brussels (Dec. 12, 2003). 

3. European Union, “Declaration on Combating Terrorism,” Brussels (March 25, 2004). 

4. The time-scope of the existing research fails to sufficiently cover situational changes made after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Chae Bok Park, “Progress in the EU's Foreign Policy with North Korea and Its Implications,”, Vol. 42, No. 4 (2002); 

5. Sung Jang Jung, “The Age of Kim Jong Il and the European Union: Seeking A New Relationship,”, 2002-14. 

6. The meeting has significance in its own right as it was the first dialogue concerning human rights issues ever held between the EU and North Korea, although no agreements on specific issues were reached during the meeting. 

7. Figures do not include additional financial funding contributed separately at the national level within the EU. 

8. Sung Hoon Park, “EU's Basic Strategy toward the Korean Peninsula,” available athttp://www.fes.or.kr/K_Unification/U-paper5.htmaccessed on August 21, 2002. 

9. As of 1999, it was the third-largest exporting country and the second-largest importing country. 

10. Denmark (Investment Assurance Agreement), Sweden (Trade Agreement), Germany (Air Transportation Agreement and Future Transaction Agreement), Italy (Investment Assurance Agreement). 

11. Some of the defining examples are: instability in the inter-Korean relationship, and political and economic instability within North Korea; a lack of indirect social capital and economic structure, and ensuing high costs; a closed system of law; an incapability of acquiring foreign assets; difficult access to markets; an insincere attitude and corruption, and an insufficient governing structure. 

12. Jong Woon Lee, “The State of Extended Economic Relations between the EU and North Korea and Future Prospects,” KIEP World Economy (March 2004). 

13. KOTRA, “Trends in North Korea's External Trade Activities” (June 2004), p. 11. 

14. Since 1998, most food aid provided by the EU has been based on the principle of reciprocity. 

15. CESVI, Concern, Children's Aid Direct, Action Contra La Faim, German Agro Action, Medecins Sans Frontiere, and Triangle are major international NGO actors. 

16. The amount in 2002 is much greater than that of 2001, totaling 3.3 million euros. 

17. The policy baseline of the EU toward Asia and the Korean peninsula primarily delineates positions of principle. It is expected that no great changes will be made to these existing principles. 

18. European Parliament, “Humanitarian Crisis in North Korea: European Parliament Resolution on the Humanitarian Crisis in North Korea,” P.5, TA (2003) in Official Journal of the European Union (Dec. 2, 2004). 

19. 7.5 million euros went to food supply projects, 4.5 million euros went to potable water improvement projects, and 5 million euros went to winter emergency relief projects for children. 

20. The food aid was mainly provided to agricultural environment improvement projects. 

21. EU Council of Ministers, “Council Conclusion on the Korean peninsula” (July 1999). 

22. European Commission, “The EC-Democratic People's Republic of Korea,” Country Strategy Paper, 2001-2004 (2002.2). 

23. 10.1111/1468-5965.40.s1.2 Monica Den Boer and Jorg Monar, “11 September and the Challenge of Global Terrorism to the EU as a Security Actor,” Journal of Common Market Studies , Vol. 40 (2002). 

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24. In January 2003, the EU took over the security mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina from the UN International Police Task Force. In order to fulfill the assigned task, a total of 500 people would be serving under the European Union Police Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina for the next three years, and various measures were to be applied to establish a security system of a European standard. In March 2003, 350 personnel from the EU Defense Force replaced the NATO Defense Force under the operation name of “Concordia.” In December of the same year, after completing the mission they were again replaced by the EU Security Mission Force. Also, peacekeeping activities (Artemis) in the Congo were conducted, which has been hailed as the first successful non-European zone accomplishment. 

25. European Convention, Constitution for Europe: Submitted to the European Council Meeting in Thessaloniki (June 20, 2003). 

26. 10.1525/curh.2004.103.671.107 Mark Leonard, “The Dream of Mighty Europe,” Wall Street Journal Europe , Feb. 5, 2004; Jean-Yves Haine, “The EU's Soft Power: Not Hard Enough,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs , Vol. 5, No. 1 (Winter 2004); “Idealism and Power: The New EU Security Strategy,” Current History , Vol. 103, No. 671 (March 2004). 

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27. Jae Seung Lee, “The Current Status of the EU CFSP and Its Prospects,” Analysis of Major International Issues , Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security (June 15, 2004). 

28. However, this current EU anti-terror strategy reveals some ambiguity. First, the Article on WMD is not clear in its substance. Second, in previous cases the EU, having decided to include a provision on human rights conditions in trade agreements with developing countries, failed to successfully implement the clause with several countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Israel. It is expected that the same type of limitation may result in the incomplete enactment of the recent anti-terrorism initiative. Thus, split opinions exist over whether the recent action will undermine or reinforce the formulation of a future EU common foreign policy. Judy Dempsey, “Words of War: Europe's First Security Doctrine Backs Away from a Commitment to U.S.style Pre-emption,” Financial Times , Dec. 5, 2003; “Discord Subverts Europe's Lofty Foreign Policy Aims” Financial Times , April 3-4, 2004. 

29. Institutional vulnerability has also been cited as one of the weak points found in the EU's new security strategy. For more discussion, see Antonio Missirolim “After the Brussels Fiasco-An ESDP Without a Constitution, A CFSP Without a Foreign Minister?” ISS Analysis , Jan. 15, 2004, available athttp://www.iss-eu.org/new/analysis/analy073.htmlaccessed on May 11, 2004. 

30. “L'Europe doit-elle ignorer la Coree du Nord?” Le Monde , April 8, 2004. 

31. Hak Sung Kim, “Improvement in EU-North Korea Relations and Issues on the Korean peninsula,”(July 2001); 

32. Il Hwan Oh, “Current Status of Improvement in EU-North Korea Relations and Future Prospects,”, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer 2002).