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[해외논문] Actualités sur les infections à Legionella (Legionella spp: An update)

Cattan, S. (Service de mé) , Thizy, G. (decine interne, hô) , Michon, A. (pital Europé) , Arlet, J.-B. (en Georges-Pompidou, université) , Lanternier, F. (Paris Descartes, Paris Sorbonne Cité) , Lebeaux, D. (, AP-HP) , Jarraud, S. (Service de mé) , Pouchot, J. (decine interne, hô) , Lafont, E. (pital Europé)
La Revue de médecine interne v.40 no.12 ,pp. 791 - 798 , 2019 , 0248-8663 , Elsevier

Abstract Legionella-related disease is caused by an intracellular bacteria mainly living in water. Contamination results from inhalation of Legionella sp containing aerosolized water. Main risk factors are tobacco, immunodeficiency, and advanced age. Antigenuria is the cornerstone of the diagnosis. Immunocompromised patients, more commonly infected with non pneumophila Legionella, present negative antigenuria, and culture and PCR are essential for the diagnosis. Legionnaires’ disease may be severe, especially in elderly and/or immunocompromised patients. Mortality rate varies from 10 % in the general population to 50 % in intensive care. Treatment is based on macrolides or fluoroquinolones. Antibiotic resistance is very rare.

[해외논문] Les infections Legionella. ([Legionella infections])

Fleurette, J
Annales de biologie clinique v.41 no.6 ,pp. 403 - 409 , 1983 , 0003-3898 , Expansion scientifique française

The authors review the bacteriological features of Legionella infections, their clinical symptoms and the methods of diagnosis. They stress the unusual ecological features of Legionella which generally lives in natural water reservoirs or in artificial reservoirs (drinking water piping, air conditioning). In the clinical situation, current emphasis is on the extrapulmonary infections whose pathogenesis has not yet been fully explained. The incidence and prevalence of Legionella in pneumonia still needs to be defined. The methods of bacteriological and serological diagnosis are described as well as the ways of interpreting the results.

[해외논문] UV-C inactivation of Legionella rubrilucens (UV-C-Inaktivierung von Legionella rubrilucens)

Schmid, Julian (Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany) , Hoenes, Katharina (Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany) , Rath, Monika (Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany) , Vatter, Petra (Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany) , Hessling, Martin (Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany)
GMS hygiene and infection control v.12 ,pp. Doc06 2017 , German Medical Science GMS Publishing House

Background: Despite the great health significance of Legionella, there is only little information on their UV sensitivity. Besides Legionella pneumophila only L. longbeachae has been investigated so far. Methods: In this study L. rubrilucens has been spread on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar and irradiated with the 254 nm UV-C emission of a mercury vapor lamp. The disinfection success is measured by colony counting after incubation and comparison of the number of colonies on irradiated and unirradiated reference agar plates.Results: The average log-reduction dose is 1.08 mJ/cm2 for free L. rubrilucens, which is at the lower end of the so far published Legionella log-reduction values, but all three Legionella species show similar UV-C sensitivities. Conclusion: The log-reduction dose of legionellae in amoebae has not been investigated, but with the observed high UV-C sensitivity for free Legionella, the idea of a future point-of-use disinfection by small UV-C LEDs in water-taps or shower heads appears to be realistic, even if legionellae are more resistant in amoebae.

[해외논문] Legionella moravica sp. Nov. and Legionella brunensis sp. Nov. Isolated from cooling-tower water (Legionella moravica sp. Nov. and Legionella brunensis sp. Nov. Isolated from cooling-tower water)

Wilkinson, H.W. (Division of Bacterial Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, , 30333, Atlanta, GA, USA) , Drasar, V. , Thacker, W.L. , Benson, R.F. , Schindler, J. , Potuznikova, B. , Mayberry, W.R. , Brenner, D.J.
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. Microbiology v.139 no.4 ,pp. 393 - 402 , 1988 , 0769-2609 , Elsevier

Two Legionella-like organisms were isolated from cooling-tower water samples in Czechoslovakia. They were presumptively identified as legionellae by their growth on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar (BCYE) containing L-cysteine and their absence of growth on BCYE without L-cysteine. Both strains contained predominantly branch-chained cellular fatty acids and were therefore definitively placed in the genus Legionella. They were serologically distinct from other described Legionella species and were shown by DNA studies to constitute two new Legionella species, Legionella moravica (type strain 316-36; ATCC 43877) and Legionella brunensis (type strain 441-1; ATCC 43878).Deux microorganismes de type Legionella ont ete isoles a partir d'echantillons d'eau d'une tour de refroidissement en Tchecoslovaquie. Ils ont ete identifies comme des presumees legionelles etant donne leur croissance sur agarose/charbon/extrait de levure tamponnee (BCYE) contenant de la L-cystine et leur absence de croissance sur BCYE sans L-cysteine. Les deux souches contiennent des acides gras ramifies et ont cependant ete classees definitivement dans le genre Legionella. Elles sont serologiquement distinctes des souches des autres especes de Legionella et constituent, au vu de l'etude de leur ADN, deux nouvelles especes L. moravica (souche type 316-36 ATCC 43877) et L. brunensis (souche type 441-1ATCC 43878).

[국내논문] 서울시내 수계시설에서 분리된 Legionella spp.의 병원성에 대한 분자역학적 연관성 (Molecular Epidemiological Relationship of the Pathogenicity of Legionella spp. Isolated from Water Systems in Seoul)

김진아 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀) , 정지헌 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀) , 김수진 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀) , 진영희 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀) , 오영희 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀) , 한기영 (서울특별시 보건환경연구원 역학조사팀)
Korean journal of microbiology = 미생물학회지 v.45 no.2 ,pp. 126 - 132 , 2009 , 0440-2413 , 한국미생물학회

AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

레지오넬라균은 치명적인 폐렴을 일으킬 수 있는 균으로서, 기후 온난화와 함께 노출의 수위가 높아지고 있는 병원성균이다. 본 연구는 2008년 6월부터 8월까지 서울시내 25개구 소재 수계시설에서 분리한 레지오넬라균 73개 주에 대해 혈청형, Dot/Icm라 일컬어지는 병원성 유전자 분석 그리고 Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)를 실시하여 유전자형과 그들 사이의 상관관계를 파악하였다. 73개주 중 69주는 Legionella pneumophila로 혈청형의 분포는 sg1 43주, sg6 9주, sg5 8주, sg3 8주, sg2 1주로 파악되었으며, Legionella spp. 4개주는 Legionella nautarum였다. 분리된 Legionella pneumophila 대부분이 여러 개의 병원성 유전자를 보유하고 있었으며, 반면에 Legionella nautarum은 병원성 유전자가 많이 결핍되어있었다. PFGE pattern을 분석해 볼 때, Legionella pneumophila가 동일한 혈청형안에서 다양하게 분화되어감을 볼 수 있었으며, 병원성 유전자의 분포와 깊은 상관관계를 보였다.

[해외논문] [Thermoresistance of Legionella] (Thermorésistance des Legionella.)

Hernandez, J F , Delattre, J M , Oger, C
Annales de microbiologie v.134b no.3 ,pp. 421 - 427 , 1983 , 0300-5410 , Masson

Cells of Legionella suspended in water were heated for 15 to 60 min, at temperatures between 40 and 70 degrees C, and their survival determined over 9 log-cycles. The survival curves were identical for the 6 strains, and were non-logarithmic. Implications of the resistance plateau observed are discussed.

[해외논문] [Legionella pneumophila] (Legionella pneumophila.)

Ulloa F, Marí , a Teresa
Revista chilena de infectología : órgano oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología v.25 no.3 ,pp. 208 2008 , 0716-1018 , Publicaciones Técnicas Mediterráneo, Ltda

[학위논문] 면역보조제로서 CpG-ODN을 이용한 Legionella DNA 백신의 면역 증강 효과 (Immune-enhancement effects of Legionella DNA vaccine using CpG-ODN as vaccine adjuvant)

이인경 (고려대학교 대학원)
2007 , v, 35 p. , 고려대학교 대학원 , 국내석사

Background: Legionella pneumonia is epidemic and sporadic, caused by Legionella bacteria, an intracellular pathogen. Cell-mediated immunity plays a key role in the inhibition of bacterial growth. The effective vaccine, however, hasn’t been developed yet. .Oligonucleotide containing CpG motif (CpG-ODN) is being developed as a vaccine adjuvant for enhancement of adaptive immune responses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate immune-enhancement effects of CpG-ODN in developing Legionella DNA and protein vaccines of Legionella species-common lipoprotein (PAL) antigen, one of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Method: Legionella PAL DNA vaccine, pCDNA3-PAL, was immunized to BALB/c mice with either CpG-ODN in separate or in mixed formulation, intramuscularly (i.m.). In another experiment setting, CpG-ODN was given with either the PAL DNA i.m. or protein vaccine via intradermal route, followed by measurement of PAL-specific immune responses. As controls, mice were immunized with pCDNA3, CpG-ODN, PAL or pCDNA3-PAL alone. Immune parameters were measured after immunizing mice on four occasions spaced a week apart, including measurement of PAL-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities (CTL) and T cell proliferation assays (TCP), and total IgG and isotype antibody responses. Results: The CpG-ODN enhanced effectively the PAL-specific CTL and TCP responses when co-delivered with the PAL DNA vaccine in separate formulation, while the delivery of CpG in mixed formulation rather decreased the respective immune responses induced by the PAL DNA vaccine alone. The CpG-ODN was able to augment humoral responses, PAL-specific total IgG and IgG2a (which is Th1-dependent) levels from serum in mice immunized with either separate or mixed formulation, when compared with the controls. In further comparison of immune- enhancement effects of the CpG-ODN co-immunized with either the PAL DNA or PAL protein vaccine, PAL protein mixed with CpG-ODN showed significantly higher PAL-specific CTL responses and total IgG and IgG2a levels, compared with the PAL DNA plus CpG-ODN immunization. Interestingly, the PAL immunization alone elicited comparable CTL and CTP responses to the PAL DNA plus CpG-ODN immunization. In addition, both PAL plus CpG-ODN co-administration and the PAL immunization much improved IgG1 responses. Conclusion: These results indicate that the CpG-ODN enhances more effectively the adaptive immune responses elicited in mice by either the Legionella PAL DNA or protein vaccine. It is also provided that proof-of principal for the application of CpG-ODN-based immunization strategies may generate improved immunity to better bacterial antigens, PAMPs.

[해외논문] [Legionella pneumophila in pool water] (Legionella pneumophila i bassinvand.)

Jeppesen, C , Bagge, L , Jeppesen, V F
Ugeskrift for læger v.162 no.25 ,pp. 3592 - 3594 , 2000 , 0041-5782 , C.A. Reitzel

We investigated 87 samples of pool water for the presence of Legionella. The samples were from cold water pools ( 32 degrees C). Sampling was furthermore done on normal water samples, on water from the bottom of pools and of water from departure from the activated carbon filters. Legionella was not detected in any of the samples from cold water pools, whereas in the hot water pools 10% of the pool water samples and 80% of the water from the filters were infected with Legionella pneumophila. The highest concentrations of Legionella were found in the filter samples, whereas the concentrations in the pool water (10-100 cfu/liter) were not alarming. This investigation demonstrates the potential risk of presence of Legionella in hot water pools with activated carbon filters being the site with best growth potential. It should be stressed that a high level of disinfection (at least 1.0 mg free chlorine/liter and pH 7.2) is essential for the prevention of Legionella in pool water at higher temperatures.

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