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A satellite-based cellular telecommunications system employing a constellation of telecommunications satellites in medium earth orbit to provide multibeam radio frequency (rf) communications links for worldwide cellular telephone service with a minimum number of satellites. The telecommunications sa

A satellite-based cellular telecommunications system employing a constellation of telecommunications satellites in medium earth orbit to provide multibeam radio frequency (rf) communications links for worldwide cellular telephone service with a minimum number of satellites. The telecommunications satellites are placed in a plurality of inclined orbits about the earth at an altitude of between approximately 5600 and 10,000 nautical miles. The characteristics of the orbits, such as the number of orbits, the inclination of each orbit, the number of satellites in each orbit and the altitude of the satellites, are tailored to maximize the coverage area of the satellites and their related line-of-sight elevation angles, while minimizing propagation time delays, the number of beam-to-beam and satellite-to-satellite handovers, and the total number of satellites. The present invention also includes several additional features which essentially eliminate beam-to-beam and satellite-to-satellite handovers, thus dramatically reducing the likelihood of dropouts. between the plug and the anchor to prevent the plug from entering the opening in the vessel.

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1. A method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications between low-power mobile handsets having an omni-directional antenna and a gateway station through a satellite forming part of a satellite constellation, comprising the steps of: launching a plurality of satellites to an o

1. A method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications between low-power mobile handsets having an omni-directional antenna and a gateway station through a satellite forming part of a satellite constellation, comprising the steps of: launching a plurality of satellites to an orbiting altitude between 5600 and 10,000 nautical miles, wherein at least one satellite has a reduced antenna field of view (FOV) less than full earth coverage; orienting said satellites in a plurality of orbital planes which are inclined at a predetermined inclination angle with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth; receiving, by at least one of said satellites, radio frequency (RF) signals from a plurality of mobile handsets which transmit said RF signals using their omni-directional antennas; and overlapping a portion of a coverage region of a departing satellite with a portion of a coverage region of an arriving satellite, including assignment means having a predetermined criterion of assignment that calls placed to or from a user located within the coverage overlap region are assigned to said arriving satellite. 2. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 1 further comprising the step of: assigning a plurality of repeating coverage regions to each satellite. 3. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 2 further comprising the step of: periodically adjusting the attitude of at least one satellite to direct an antenna boresight on coverage regions assigned thereto. 4. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 2 further comprising the step of: periodically gimballing and rotating an antenna of at least one satellite to direct an antenna boresight on coverage regions assigned thereto. 5. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 1 wherein ascending nodes of said satellites orbiting in said orbital planes are evenly spaced on said equatorial plane. 6. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 1 wherein orbits of said plurality of satellites are approximately circular. 7. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 1 wherein orbits of said plurality of satellites are approximately elliptical. 8. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 7 wherein said plurality of satellites orbit in three orbital planes, and wherein ascending nodes of said satellites orbiting in said orbital planes are spaced 120° on said equatorial plane. 9. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 8 wherein said inclination angle is approximately 55°, said orbit is approximately circular and said orbiting altitude is 5600 nautical miles. 10. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 9 wherein-each orbital plane includes three satellites and wherein global coverage is continuously provided by at least one satellite. 11. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 9 wherein each orbital plane includes four satellites and wherein global coverage is continuously provided by at least two satellites. 12. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 8 wherein said inclination angle is approximately 63.4°, said orbit is approximately elliptical, an apogee altitude is 6300 nautical miles, and a perigee altitude is 600 nautical miles. 13. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 12 wherein each orbital plane includes two satellites and wherein hemispheric overage is continuously provided by at least one satellite. 14. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 12 wherein each orbital plane includes three satellites and wherein hemispheric coverage is provided by at least two satellites. 15. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 12 wherein said apogee altitude is positioned over a northernmost latitude to be covered to maximize a coverage period thereof. 16. The method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications of claim 1 wherein an elevation angle above 10° is maintained at said mobile handsets. 17. A medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system for providing communication between low-power mobile handsets having an omni-directional antenna and a gateway station through a satellite forming part of a satellite constellation, comprising: a plurality of satellites orbiting at an altitude between 5600 and 10000 nautical miles and oriented in a plurality of orbital planes, wherein each orbital plane is inclined at a predetermined inclination angle with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth, and wherein at least one of said satellites includes an antenna field of view (FOV) less than full earth coverage; and a plurality of relatively low-powered mobile handsets including omni-directional antennas for transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals to said satellites; wherein a portion of a coverage region of a departing satellite overlaps a portion of a coverage region of an arriving satellite, and including assignment means having a predetermined criterion of assignment that calls placed to or from a user located within the coverage overlap region are assigned to said arriving satellite to minimize satellite-to-satellite handovers. 18. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 17 wherein a plurality of repeating coverage regions are assigned to each satellite. 19. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 18 wherein the attitude of at least one satellite is periodically adjusted to direct an antenna boresight on coverage regions assigned thereto. 20. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 18 wherein the antenna of at least one satellite is periodically rotated and gimballed to direct an antenna boresight on coverage regions assigned thereto. 21. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 17 wherein ascending nodes of said satellites orbiting in said orbital planes are evenly spaced on said equatorial plane. 22. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 17 wherein said orbits of said plurality of satellites are approximately circular. 23. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 17 wherein said orbits of said plurality of satellites are approximately elliptical. 24. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 23 wherein said plurality of satellites are oriented in three orbital planes, and wherein ascending nodes of said satellites orbiting in said orbital planes are spaced 120° on said equatorial plane. 25. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 24 wherein said inclination angle is approximately 55°, said orbit is approximately circular and said orbiting altitude is 5600 nautical miles. 26. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 25 wherein each orbital plane includes three satellites and wherein global coverage is continuously provided by at least one satellite. 27. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 25 wherein each orbital plane includes four satellites and wherein global coverage is continuously provided by at least two satellites. 28. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 24 wherein said inclination angle is approximately 63.4°, said orbit is approximately elliptical, an apogee altitude is 6300 nautical miles, and a perigee altitude is 600 nautical miles. 29. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 28 wherein each orbital plane includes two satellites and wherein hemispheric coverage is continuously provided by at least one satellite. 30. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 28 wherein each orbital plane includes three satellites and wherein hemispheric coverage is continuously provided by at least two satellites. 31. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 28 wherein said apogee altitude is positioned over a northernmost latitude to be covered to maximize a coverage period thereof. 32. The medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system of claim 17 wherein an elevation angle above 10° is maintained at said mobile handsets to prevent shadowing. 33. A method of providing medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications between low-power mobile handsets having an omni-directional antenna and a gateway station through a satellite forming part of s satellite constellation, comprising the steps of: launching a plurality of satellites to an orbiting altitude between 5600 and 10,000 nautical miles, wherein at least one satellite has an antenna field of view (FOV) less than a full earth coverage; orienting said satellites in a plurality of orbital planes which are inclined at a predetermined inclination angle with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth; receiving, by at least one of said satellites, radio frequency (RF) signals from a plurality of mobile handsets which transmit said RF signals using their omni-directional antennas; overlapping a portion of a coverage region of a departing satellite with a portion of a coverage region of an arriving satellite, including assignment means having a predetermined criterion of assignment that calls placed to or from a user located within the coverage overlap region are assigned to said arriving satellite; and directing an antenna boresight on a sequence of coverage regions assigned thereto including at least one of periodically adjusting the attitude of at least one satellite to direct the antenna boresight on the current coverage region assigned thereto, and periodically gimballing and rotating the antenna of at least one satellite to direct the antenna boresight on the current coverage region assigned thereto. 34. A medium-earth-orbit satellite-based communications system for providing communication between low-power mobile handsets having an omni-directional antenna and an earth station through a satellite forming part of a satellite constellation, comprising: a plurality of satellites orbiting at an altitude between 5600 and 10000 nautical miles and oriented in a plurality of orbital planes, wherein each orbital plane is inclined at a predetermined inclination angle with respect to the equatorial plane of the earth, and wherein at least one of said satellites includes an antenna having a field of view (FOV) less than full earth coverage; a plurality of relatively low-power mobile handsets including omni-directional antennas for transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals to said satellites; and directing means for adjusting a boresight of said satellite antenna to provide directed coverage as the satellite orbits over a currently assigned service region, by performing at least one of periodically adjusting the attitude of the satellite to maintain the antenna boresight on the current service region, and periodically gimballing and rotating the antenna to maintain the antenna boresight on the current service region; wherein a portion of a coverage region of a departing satellite overlaps a portion of a coverage region of an arriving satellite, and including assignment means having a predetermined criterion of assignment that calls placed to or from a user located within the coverage overlap region are assigned to said arriving satellite to minimize satellite-to-satellite handovers. 35. A medium-earth-orbit, satellite-based cellular telecommunications system, comprising: a constellation of telecommunications satellites providing a multibeam radio frequency (rf) communications link for a number of mobile cellular telephones having omni-directional antennas, the satellites being placed in a plurality of inclined orbits about the earth at an altitude of between approximately 5600 and 10,000 nautical miles, such that the station-to-station propagation delay time of said communication link is no less than 60 milli-seconds and no more than 150 milli-seconds; wherein at least one satellite includes a multi-beam antenna and directing means for adjusting the antenna boresight to provide directed antenna coverage as the satellite orbits over a currently assigned service region for the satellite; wherein the characteristics of these orbits, such as the number of orbits, the inclination of each orbit, the number of satellites in each orbit and the altitude of the satellites, are tailored to maximize the coverage area of the satellites and their related line-of-sight elevation angles for predetermined service regions of the earth, while minimizing propagation time delays, the number of beam-to-beam and satellite-to-satellite handovers, and the total number of satellites; and wherein the number of satellite-to-satellite handovers is further reduced by overlapping a portion of a coverage region of a departing satellite with a portion of a coverage region of an arriving satellite, including assignment means having a predetermined criterion of assignment that calls placed to or from a user located within the coverage overlap region are assigned to said arriving satellite.