초록 ▼

A fuel cell system made up of a plurality of fuel cells. Each cell includes a fuel inlet, an oxidant inlet, a fuel side product outlet and an oxidant side product outlet. A common fuel supply line is provided for the fuel inlets. A common oxidant supply line is provided for the oxidant inlets. A com

A fuel cell system made up of a plurality of fuel cells. Each cell includes a fuel inlet, an oxidant inlet, a fuel side product outlet and an oxidant side product outlet. A common fuel supply line is provided for the fuel inlets. A common oxidant supply line is provided for the oxidant inlets. A common product purging mechanism is coupled to the outlets for purging the same of unused fuel, unused oxidant, fuel side product and oxidant side product. The product purging mechanism includes valving structure operable to selectively and independently open the outlets of a given cell. A method for operating such a fuel cell system includes supplying fuel to the fuel inlets from a common source of fuel and supplying an oxidant to the oxidant inlets from a common source of oxidant. The outlets of a given cell are selectively opened to purge fuel product and oxidant product from the given cell while the outlets of other cells are kept closed.

대표청구항 ▼

A fuel cell system made up of a plurality of fuel cells. Each cell includes a fuel inlet, an oxidant inlet, a fuel side product outlet and an oxidant side product outlet. A common fuel supply line is provided for the fuel inlets. A common oxidant supply line is provided for the oxidant inlets. A com

A fuel cell system made up of a plurality of fuel cells. Each cell includes a fuel inlet, an oxidant inlet, a fuel side product outlet and an oxidant side product outlet. A common fuel supply line is provided for the fuel inlets. A common oxidant supply line is provided for the oxidant inlets. A common product purging mechanism is coupled to the outlets for purging the same of unused fuel, unused oxidant, fuel side product and oxidant side product. The product purging mechanism includes valving structure operable to selectively and independently open the outlets of a given cell. A method for operating such a fuel cell system includes supplying fuel to the fuel inlets from a common source of fuel and supplying an oxidant to the oxidant inlets from a common source of oxidant. The outlets of a given cell are selectively opened to purge fuel product and oxidant product from the given cell while the outlets of other cells are kept closed. monolayer (1) which also includes a least one other metal in a minor amount. 4. The transparent film according to claim 3, wherein the other metal is zinc. 5. The transparent film according to claim 4, where the zinc is present in a proportion of from 0.1 to 10 atomic % relative to aluminum. 6. The transparent film according to claim 2, wherein lower antireflection layer is a superposed sequence of layers (2) which comprises an AlN-based layer/zinc oxide-based layer sequence, the AlN-based layer having a tensile stress level, and the zinc oxide-based layer having a compressive stress level. 7. The transparent film according to claim 6, wherein the zinc oxide-based layer has a thickness of less than 15 nm. 8. The transparent film according to claim 7, wherein the thickness is less than 12 nm. 9. The transparent film according to claim 6, wherein the amplitude of the internal compressive stresses of the AlN-based layer corresponds, by adjustment of the coating parameters, approximately to the amplitude of the internal compressive stresses in the zinc oxide-based layer so that the tensile and compressive stresses of the two contiguous partial layers balance out at least for the most part. 10. The transparent film according to claim 2, wherein the lower antireflection layer is a superposed sequence of layers (2) and is contiguous with the functional layer, and the metal oxide layer comprises zinc oxide. 11. The transparent film according to claim 10 and having the following structure: polymer film/AlN/ZnO/Ag/AlN. 12. The transparent film according to claim 2, wherein a thin metallic layer is arranged between the lower antireflection layer and the functional layer. 13. The transparent film according to claim 12, wherein the thin metallic layer comprises titanium or a nickel alloy, or niobium. 14. The transparent film according to claim 13, wherein the nickel alloy is an NiCr alloy. 15. The transparent film substrate according to claim 2, wherein the functional layer has a thin sacrificial metallic layer on top of it. 16. The transparent film according to claim 15, wherein the thin sacrificial metallic layer comprises Nb, Ti or NiCr. 17. The transparent film according to claim 16 and having the following structure: polymer film/AlN/ZnO/Ag/Ti/TiO2. 18. The transparent film according to claim 1, wherein the stack comprises at least two functional layers with an intermediate antireflection layer between the two functional layers or between two successive functional layers. 19. The transparent film according to claim 18, wherein the functional layers comprise Ag. 20. The transparent film according to claim 19, wherein the intermediate antireflection layer, or at lest one of them, includes a monolayer based on AlN modified so that its stress level is balanced, or is a superposed sequence of layers comprising at least one AlN-based layer on top of which there is a metal oxide-based layer whose stress levels mutually compensate or cancel at least in part. 21. The transparent film according to claim 20, wherein the metal oxide layer comprises zinc oxide. 22. The transparent film according to claim 19, wherein at least one of the functional layers has a thin sacrificial metal layer on top of it. 23. The transparent film according to claim 22, wherein the thin sacrificial metallic layer comprises Nb, Ti or NiCr. 24. The transparent film according to claim 19, wherein the intermediate and/or upper of said two antireflection layers contain layers based on metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of SnO2,Ta2O5,Nb2O5,ZnO, and TiO2or layers based on nitrites selected from the group consisting of AlN and Si3N4. 25. The transparent film according to claim 19, wherein it comprises two functional silver layers, which are separated from one another by said antireflection layer, wherein the antireflection layer comprises two partial layers (a) an d (b), wherein (a) is immediately contiguous to the upper silver layer, is formed of zinc oxide and is under internal compressive stresses, and (b) is contiguous to the lower silver layer, is formed of aluminum nitride and is under internal tensile stresses. 26. The transparent film according to claim 19 and having the following structure: polymer film/AlN/ZnO/Ag/AlN/ZnO/Ag/AlN. 27. The transparent film according to claim 1, wherein the flexible polymer film comprises PET, and the transparent film is essentially free of any unintentional radius of curvature. 28. A laminated window, which incorporates the transparent film according to claim 27. 29. The laminated window according to claim 28, wherein said transparent film is sandwiched between two PVB sheets, which are sandwiched between two glass substrates. 30. Process for preparing the transparent film according to claim 1, comprising forming the AlN-based layers by reactive sputtering form a metallic aluminum cathode, and selecting inert gas and reactive N2gas to be in an appropriate ratio in the atmosphere of said reactive sputtering such that the transparent film does not have any substantial curvature induced by internal stresses after the formation of the stack.