A code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system provides a collision avoidance mechanism for packet communications. When mobile stations attempt to establish links with a base station, the base station selects one mobile station to transmit data over an intended uplink channel. The base station transm
A code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system provides a collision avoidance mechanism for packet communications. When mobile stations attempt to establish links with a base station, the base station selects one mobile station to transmit data over an intended uplink channel. The base station transmits a predetermined sequence, during the first frame of the data transmission over the downlink control channel that corresponds to the intended uplink channel. If several mobile stations detect or mis-perceive successful access attempts, those stations begin data transmissions via respective desired uplink channels. At the same time, the mobile stations listen for the known sequence over the various corresponding downlink channels. Upon successful detection of the known sequence, one mobile station continues transmission of its data over the intended channel. However, any contending mobile station that does not detect the known sequence on the appropriate downlink channel immediately stops its data transmission.
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A code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system provides a collision avoidance mechanism for packet communications. When mobile stations attempt to establish links with a base station, the base station selects one mobile station to transmit data over an intended uplink channel. The base station transm
A code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) system provides a collision avoidance mechanism for packet communications. When mobile stations attempt to establish links with a base station, the base station selects one mobile station to transmit data over an intended uplink channel. The base station transmits a predetermined sequence, during the first frame of the data transmission over the downlink control channel that corresponds to the intended uplink channel. If several mobile stations detect or mis-perceive successful access attempts, those stations begin data transmissions via respective desired uplink channels. At the same time, the mobile stations listen for the known sequence over the various corresponding downlink channels. Upon successful detection of the known sequence, one mobile station continues transmission of its data over the intended channel. However, any contending mobile station that does not detect the known sequence on the appropriate downlink channel immediately stops its data transmission. Sweden, Pgs. 1-5. Isaksson, Mikael, Proposal: Option for In-Band POT and ISDN, Standards Project: T1E1.4:VDSL Sep. 22-26, 1997, Pgs. 1-5. Sandell, M., Van De Beek, J., Borjesson, P., Timing and Frequency Synchronization in OFDM Systems Using the Cyclic Prefix, Division of Signal Processing, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden, Pgs. 1-4. Edfors, O., Sandell, M., Van De Beek, J., Wilson, S., Borjesson, P., Analysis of DFT-Based Channel Estimators for OFDM, Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC'96), Chicago, Illinois, Jul. 25-28, 1995, Pgs. 1-25. Edfors, O., Sandell, M., Van De Beek, J., Landstrom, D., Sjoberg, F., An Introduction to Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing, Sep. 1996, Pgs. 1-58. Edfors, Ove, Low-Complexity Algorithms in Digital Receivers, Doctoral Thesis, Lulea University of Technology, Sep. 1996, Pgs. 1-190. main discharge space; and pre-ionization electrodes for pre-ionizing the laser gas including at least one pair of dielectric pipes, a first dielectric pipe being on a laser gas inflow side from which the laser gas flows into the main discharge space and a second dielectric pipe being on a laser gas outflow side to which the laser gas flows from the main discharge space, each of said dielectric pipes having a thickness wherein, by adjusting the thickness of the dielectric pipes so that the thickness of said second dielectric pipe is smaller than the thickness of said first dielectric pipe, and an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas outflow side is smaller than an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas inflow side whereby a profile of laser beam output by the discharge excitation is symmetrical with respect to the center of a discharge width. 4. A gas laser apparatus that has a laser gas flow from outside a main discharge space into the main discharge space and then flow from inside the main discharge space to outside the main discharge space so that the laser gas circulates, comprising; at least one pair of spaced main discharge electrodes forming a main discharge space therebetween, the pair of main discharge electrodes creating a discharge excitation by discharging the laser gas in the main discharge space; and pre-ionization electrodes for pre-ionizing the laser gas including at least one pair of dielectric pipes, said dielectric pipes each having a surface area facing the main discharge space, a first dielectric pipe being on a laser gas inflow side from which the laser gas flows into the main discharge space and a second dielectric pipe being on a laser gas outflow side to which the laser gas flows from the main discharge space wherein the surface areas of said first and second dielectric pipes are adjusted so that the surface area of said second dielectric pipe is smaller than the surface area of said first dielectric pipe, and an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas outflow side is smaller than an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas inflow side whereby a profile of laser beam output by the discharge excitation is symmetrical with respect to a center of a discharge width. 5. A gas laser apparatus that has a laser gas flow from outside a main discharge space into the main discharge space and then flow from inside the main discharge space to outside the main discharge space so that the laser gas circulates, comprising: at least on pair of spaced main discharge electrodes forming a main discharge space therebetween, the pair of main discharge electrodes creating a discharge excitation by discharging the laser gas in the main discharge space; and pre-ionization electrodes for pre-ionizing the laser gas including at least one pair of dielectric pipes, a first dielectric pipe being on a laser gas inflow side from which the laser gas flows into the main discharge space and a second dielectric pipe being on a laser gas outflow side to which the laser gas flows from the main discharge space wherein, the voltage applied to the dielectric pipes being adjusted so that voltage applied to said second dielectric pipe is lower voltage than voltage applied to said first dielectric pipe, and an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas outflow side being smaller than an amount of ultraviolet light emission in the laser gas inflow side whereby a profile of laser beam output by discharge excitation is symmetrical with respect to die center of a discharge width.
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