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A rotating magnetic refrigeration apparatus has magnetic regenerator beds arranged in a ring that is mounted for rotation about a central axis, such that each bed moves into and out of a magnetic field provided by a magnet as the ring rotates. Heat transfer fluid is directed to and from the regenera

A rotating magnetic refrigeration apparatus has magnetic regenerator beds arranged in a ring that is mounted for rotation about a central axis, such that each bed moves into and out of a magnetic field provided by a magnet as the ring rotates. Heat transfer fluid is directed to and from the regenerator beds by a distribution valve which is connected by conduits to the hot and cold ends of the beds and which rotates with the ring of beds. The distribution valve has a stationary valve member which is connected by conduits to a hot heat exchanger and to a cold heat exchanger. The beds include magnetocaloric material that is porous and that allows heat transfer fluid to flow therethrough. The distribution valve directs heat transfer fluid to the hot end of a bed that is outside of the magnetic field which flows therethrough to the cold end where it is directed back to the distribution valve and, when a bed is in the magnetic field, the distribution valve directs fluid to the cold end of the bed for flow therethrough to the hot end, where the fluid is directed back to the distribution valve, completing an active magnetic regenerator cycle. The fluid flowing through each conduit flows only in a single direction or remains stationary, minimizing dead volume in the conduits.

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A rotating magnetic refrigeration apparatus has magnetic regenerator beds arranged in a ring that is mounted for rotation about a central axis, such that each bed moves into and out of a magnetic field provided by a magnet as the ring rotates. Heat transfer fluid is directed to and from the regenera

A rotating magnetic refrigeration apparatus has magnetic regenerator beds arranged in a ring that is mounted for rotation about a central axis, such that each bed moves into and out of a magnetic field provided by a magnet as the ring rotates. Heat transfer fluid is directed to and from the regenerator beds by a distribution valve which is connected by conduits to the hot and cold ends of the beds and which rotates with the ring of beds. The distribution valve has a stationary valve member which is connected by conduits to a hot heat exchanger and to a cold heat exchanger. The beds include magnetocaloric material that is porous and that allows heat transfer fluid to flow therethrough. The distribution valve directs heat transfer fluid to the hot end of a bed that is outside of the magnetic field which flows therethrough to the cold end where it is directed back to the distribution valve and, when a bed is in the magnetic field, the distribution valve directs fluid to the cold end of the bed for flow therethrough to the hot end, where the fluid is directed back to the distribution valve, completing an active magnetic regenerator cycle. The fluid flowing through each conduit flows only in a single direction or remains stationary, minimizing dead volume in the conduits. nt zone for reheating condensate falling through or produced thereat for removal of dissolved gases from said condensate. 10. The condenser of claim 9, wherein said steam also is directed to flow upwards toward said stagnant zone. 11. The condenser of claim 1, wherein a shaped roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 12. The condenser of claim 11, wherein condensate falling onto said shroud is collected. 13. The condenser of claim 11, wherein said collected condensate is diverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 14. The condenser of claim 11, wherein said roof is perforated or louvered to permit steam to pass. 15. In a condenser of the type having a housing inside of which is disposed a bundle of water tubes, a steam inlet for steam to flow inside said housing for contacting said tube bundle for heat removal, and having a stagnant zone of higher air concentration during operation wherein any air inleakage collects and condensate In said air zone becomes subcooled allowing said air to become partially absorbed by said subcooled condensate, and having an air removal section at said stagnant zone that comprises a small number of said water tubes, an overhead shroud, and vent line therefrom to outside said condenser, the improvement which comprises: a temperature sensor located at said vent line entrance at said air removal section for determining one or more the amount of condenser air in-leakage or subcooling at said stagnant air zone. 16. The condenser of claim 15, wherein a vent line has a proximal end at said shroud and a distal end outside of said condenser, said vent line fitted with a suction device that creates a lower pressure at said vent line distal end. 17. The condenser of claim 16, wherein said suction device is additionally activated after the temperature sensors indicate more than 6° F. subcooling at the proximal end of said vent line. 18. The condenser of claim 17, wherein the about 6° F. subcooling is determined by measuring the temperature and relative saturation at the vent line distal end. 19. The condenser of claim 15, wherein said suction device is additionally activated after either of the water vapor mass to air mass flow rates ratio or the water vapor mass to air mass density ratio is about 3 or less at the proximal end of said vent line. 20. The condenser of claim 19, wherein said ratios are measured at said vent line distal end. 21. The condenser of claim 16, wherein said suction device is a pump or jet ejector. 22. The condenser of claim 15, which is fitted with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 23. The condenser of claim 22, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 24. The condenser of claim 16, which is fitted with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 25. The condenser of claim 24, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 26. The condenser of claim 15, wherein a steam directing system is oriented in said condenser to direct steam to flow from beneath said stagnant zone for reheating falling condensate for removal of dissolved gases from said falling condensate. 27. The condenser of claim 26, wherein said steam also is directed to flow upwards into said stagnant zone. 28. The condenser of claim 15, wherein a roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 29. The condenser of claim 28, wherein condensate falling onto said shroud is collected. 30. The condenser of claim 28, wherein said collected condensate is dirverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 31. The condenser of claim 16, wherein a steam directing system is oriented in said condenser to direct steam to flow from beneath said stagnant zone for reheating falling condensate for removal of dissolved gases from said falling condensate. 32. The condenser of claim 31, wherein s aid steam also is directed to flow upwards toward said stagnant zone. 33. The condenser of claim 16, wherein a roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 34. The condenser of claim 33, wherein condensate failing onto said shroud is collected. 35. The condenser of claim 33, wherein said collected condensate is diverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 36. The condenser of claim 33, wherein said roof in perforated or louvered to permit steam to pass. 37. A method for operating a condenser of the type having a housing inside of which is disposed a bundle of water tubes, a steam inlet for steam to flow inside said housing for contacting said tube bundle for heat removal, and having a stagnant zone of higher air concentration during operation wherein any air in-leakage collects and condensate in or passing through said air zone becomes subcooled allowing said air to become partially absorbed, the improvement for reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) content in said subcooled condensate which comprises the steps of: (a) placing a trough beneath said stagnant air zone for collecting subcooled condensate from said stagnant air zone; (b) transporting collected subcooled condensate in said trough in a pipe to said steam inlet; (c) injecting said transported condensate with an injector for contacting with steam entering said condenser, whereby said injected condensate is heated by said steam for expelling dissolved oxygen in said injected condensate. 38. The method of claim 37, further including the step of: (d) disposing an exhaust system at said stagnant air zone for equilibrium removal of the contents thereof. 39. The method of claim 38, wherein said exhaust system comprises a shroud disposed above said stagnant air zone, a pump disposed outside of said condenser, and a vent line connecting said shroud and said pump. 40. The method of claim 37, further including the step of: (e) fitting said condenser with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 41. The method of claim 40, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 42. The method claim 40, wherein said array is in the form of a line. 43. The method of claim 38, further including the step of: (e) fitting said condenser with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 45. The method of claim 37, wherein a steam directing system is oriented in said condenser to direct steam to flow from beneath said stagnant zone for reheating falling condensate for removal of dissolved gases from said falling condensate. 46. The method of claim 45, wherein said steam also is directed to flow upwards into said stagnant zone. 47. The method of claim 37, wherein a shaped roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 48. The method of claim 47, wherein condensate falling onto said shroud is collected. 49. The method of claim 47, wherein said collected condensate is diverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 50. The method of claim 47, wherein said roof is perforated or louvered to permit steam to pass. 51. A method for operating a condenser of the type having a housing inside of which is disposed a bundle of water tubes, a steam inlet for steam to flow inside said housing for contacting said tube bundle for heat removal, and having a stagnant zone of higher air concentration during operation wherein any air in-leakage collects and condensate in said air zone becomes subcooled, the improvement which comprises the steps of: disposing a temperature sensor at said stagnant air zone for determining one or more the amount of condenser air in-leakage or subcooling at said stagnant air zone. 52. The method of claim 51, wherein said condenser is fitted with a vent line having a proximal end at or within said stagnant air zone and a distal end outside of said condenser, said vent line being fitted with a suction device that creates a lower pressure at said vent line distal end and also being fitted with a temperature sensor at said vent line proximal end. 53. The method of claim 52, wherein said suction device is additionally activated after the temperature sensors indicate more than about 6° F. subcooling air at the proximal end of said vent line. 54. The method of claim 52, wherein said suction device is not additionally activated until after either of the water vapor mass to air mass flow rate ratio or respective density ratio-is about 3 or less at the proximal end of said vent line. 55. The method of claim 54, wherein said ratios are measured at said vent line distal end. 56. The method of claim 52, wherein a shroud is disposed above said stagnant air zone and said suction device is a pump or jet ejector. 57. The method of claim 51, which is fitted with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 58. The method of claim 57, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 59. The method of claim 52, which is fitted with an array of temperature sensors at said stagnant air zone for its determination. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein said array is in the form of an "X". 61. The method of claim 56, wherein a steam directing system is oriented in said condenser to direct steam to flow from beneath said stagnant zone for reheating falling condensate for removal of dissolved gases from said falling condensate. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein said steam also is directed to flow upwards into said stagnant zone. 63. The method of claim 51, wherein a shaped roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 64. The method of claim 63, wherein condensate falling onto said shroud is collected. 65. The method of claim 63, wherein said collected condensate is diverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 66. The method of claim 52, wherein a steam directing system is oriented in said condenser to direct steam to flow from beneath said stagnant zone for reheating falling condensate for removal of dissolved gases from said falling condensate. 67. The method of claim 66, wherein said steam also is directed to flow upwards toward said stagnant zone. 68. The method of claim 52, wherein a shaped roof is disposed above said stagnant zone to prevent condensate from falling into said stagnant zone. 69. The method of claim 68, wherein condensate falling onto said shroud is collected. 70. The method of claim 68, wherein said collected condensate is diverted to said hotwell without passing through said stagnant zone. 71. The method of claim 68, wherein said roof is perforated or louvered to permit steam to pass. 72. A method for operating a condenser of the type having a housing inside of which is disposed a bundle of water tubes, a steam inlet for steam to flow inside said housing for contacting said tube bundle for heat removal, and having a stagnant zone of higher air concentration during operation wherein any air in-leakage preferentially collects and condensate in said air zone becomes subcooled allowing said air to become partially absorbed, the improvement which comprises the steps of: (a) fitting said condenser with a vent line having a proximal end at or in said stagnant air zone and a distal end outside of said condenser; (b) determining the amount of subcooling at said stagnant air zone by monitoring the relative saturation and temperature of removed gases at the distal end or by monitoring said proximal end temperature; and (c) initiating procedures to combat an air in-leak as indicated by said proximal end subcooling responsive to the presence of 100% relative saturation at the vent line proximal end. 73. The method of 72, wherein said vent line is fitted with a suction device that create