초록 ▼

Metal powder Ta and/or Nb, with or without one or metals from the group Ta, Nb, Ti, Mo, W, V, Zr and Hf, is made in a fine powder form by reduction of metal oxide by contact with a gaseous reducing agent, preferably an alkaline earth metal, to near complete reduction, leaching, further deoxidation a

Metal powder Ta and/or Nb, with or without one or metals from the group Ta, Nb, Ti, Mo, W, V, Zr and Hf, is made in a fine powder form by reduction of metal oxide by contact with a gaseous reducing agent, preferably an alkaline earth metal, to near complete reduction, leaching, further deoxidation and agglomeration, the powder so produced being sinterable to capacitor anode form and processable to other usages.

대표청구항 ▼

Metal powder Ta and/or Nb, with or without one or metals from the group Ta, Nb, Ti, Mo, W, V, Zr and Hf, is made in a fine powder form by reduction of metal oxide by contact with a gaseous reducing agent, preferably an alkaline earth metal, to near complete reduction, leaching, further deoxidation a

Metal powder Ta and/or Nb, with or without one or metals from the group Ta, Nb, Ti, Mo, W, V, Zr and Hf, is made in a fine powder form by reduction of metal oxide by contact with a gaseous reducing agent, preferably an alkaline earth metal, to near complete reduction, leaching, further deoxidation and agglomeration, the powder so produced being sinterable to capacitor anode form and processable to other usages. ng in stacked relationship, a plurality of bipolar double layer ultracapacitor cells, at least one comprising porous, oppositely charged electrodes with ionically charged separator disposed between said electrodes, wherein at least one cell is a paste electrode produced by the method of claim 1; (B) providing a non-porous current collector between each cell with each current collector having adjoining polarized electrodes of different cells bonded thereto; (C) saturating said electrodes and separators with electrolyte; and (D) sealing said cells, current collectors and separators to form said stack of ultracapacitor cells. 9. A method of making an ultracapacitor, comprising: (A) providing a multilayer cell comprising two solid, nonporous current collectors, two porous electrodes separating said current collectors; a porous separator between said electrodes and an electrolyte occupying pores in said electrodes and separator, wherein at least one of said porous electrodes is a paste electrode produced by: (i) forming a paste of organic solvent with dissolved organic salt and active carbon by first forming a slurry comprising said organic solvent, said dissolved organic salt, and said active carbon and adding an organic diluent to dilute said slurry to form said paste, wherein said organic diluent is different from said organic solvent, (ii) applying a uniform film of said paste directly onto one of said nonporous current collectors by casting said paste into a clearance between a knife blade and one of said nonporous current collectors, and (iii) evaporating solvent from said paste to form said paste electrode; and (B) sealing said cell to form said ultracapacitor. 10. The method of claim 9, comprising (i) forming said paste by first forming a slurry of organic solvent with dissolved organic salt and active carbon and adding an organic diluent to said slurry to form said paste. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said organic diluent is the same as said organic solvent forming said paste. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein said organic diluent is different from said organic solvent forming said paste. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein said organic diluent is acetone. 14. The method of claim 9, wherein said organic solvent with dissolved organic salt used to form said paste is the same as said electrolyte of said ultracapacitor. 15. The method of claim 9, comprising (ii) applying said uniform film by means of a knife blade film applicator. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said knife blade film applicator is a Gardner knife blade. 17. The method of claim 9, wherein (ii) comprises applying said uniform film of said paste onto a substrate, which is the porous separator of said ultracapacitor. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said porous separator is a cellulosic material. 19. The method of claim 9, wherein (ii) comprises applying said uniform film of said paste onto a substrate which is at least one of said two solid, nonporous current collectors of said ultracapacitor. 20. The method of claim 9, wherein said active carbon is a mixture of activated carbon and carbon black. ormed at a temperature of 420-440° C. 7. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said paraffin solvent is decalin. 8. A process as claimed in claim 1 consisting essentially of said steps. 9. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said paraffin solvent comprises decalin. 10. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said pyrolysis is conducted at a pressure of 0.5-5 MPa. 11. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said pyrolysis is conducted in a nitrogen atmosphere. 12. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein said pyrolysis is performed in the presence of at least one of a desulfurization catalyst and a denitrification catalyst. or cooling comprises an alloy of a rare earth with at least two metals. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said alloy of a rare earth with at least two metals is a Laves phase. 13. The method of claim 10, whereby said material for cooling comprises RAl2-xGaxwherein R=Nd or Er and O≤×≤2. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein said material for cooling comprises a transition metal oxide. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said material for cooling comprises a mixture of at least two materials for cooling. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the entropy of said material for cooling decreases during the application of the pressure P1. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein at least part of said material for cooling is rhombohedral in said first crystal state. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein at least part of said material for cooling is transformed into an orthorhombic second crystal state during the application of the pressure P1. 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the application of the pressure P1 is carried out after the adiabatic depressurization.