A method and apparatus for image sharpening in confocal microscopy or endoscopy observation, the method comprising: collecting true confocal return light from an observational field of an object; focussing the true confocal return light into a core of a fiber wave-guide; collecting near confocal ret
A method and apparatus for image sharpening in confocal microscopy or endoscopy observation, the method comprising: collecting true confocal return light from an observational field of an object; focussing the true confocal return light into a core of a fiber wave-guide; collecting near confocal return light from a volume partially overlapping the observational field; focussing the near confocal return light so as to be transmitted principally in a cladding of the fiber wave-guide; separately detecting the true confocal return light and the near confocal return light to produce a true confocal output signal and a near confocal output signal; and adjusting the true confocal output signal on the basis of the near confocal output signal to substantially eliminate from the true confocal output signal a component due to the near confocal output signal; whereby the effective volume of the observational field is reduced and the resolution is effectively increased.
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A method and apparatus for image sharpening in confocal microscopy or endoscopy observation, the method comprising: collecting true confocal return light from an observational field of an object; focussing the true confocal return light into a core of a fiber wave-guide; collecting near confocal ret
A method and apparatus for image sharpening in confocal microscopy or endoscopy observation, the method comprising: collecting true confocal return light from an observational field of an object; focussing the true confocal return light into a core of a fiber wave-guide; collecting near confocal return light from a volume partially overlapping the observational field; focussing the near confocal return light so as to be transmitted principally in a cladding of the fiber wave-guide; separately detecting the true confocal return light and the near confocal return light to produce a true confocal output signal and a near confocal output signal; and adjusting the true confocal output signal on the basis of the near confocal output signal to substantially eliminate from the true confocal output signal a component due to the near confocal output signal; whereby the effective volume of the observational field is reduced and the resolution is effectively increased. for separating one or more of the plurality of optical channels from the optical signal, wherein the separating means is at least partly arranged in a multi-stage parallel cascade configuration; and means for outputting the separated plurality of channels along a plurality of optical paths, wherein at least one of the plurality of separators outputs a first set of the plurality of optical channels to a first output, wherein at least one of the plurality of separators outputs a second set of the plurality of optical channels to a second output, wherein the first set of the plurality of optical channels is interleaved with the second set of the plurality of optical channels. 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the separators of the separating means are arranged completely in a multi-stage parallel cascade configuration. 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the separators of the separating means are arranged in a hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration. 12. The system of claim 9, wherein the separators of the separating means are arranged in a programmable router configuration. 13. The system of claim 9, wherein the separators of the separating means are arranged in a programmable configuration performing the add/drop function. 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the optical signal in the separating means is separated into a set of odd optical channels and a set of even optical signals. 15. The system of claim 9, wherein the separating means comprises: (a) a first glass block coupled to a second glass block, wherein the first glass block is optically coupled to the inputting means; (b) at least one reflective coating residing between the first and second glass blocks; and (c) a split beam interferometer optically coupled to the first and second glass blocks, wherein the interferometer introduces a phase difference between at least two of the plurality of optical channels. 16. The system of claim 9, wherein the separating means comprises: (a) at least one lens optically coupled to the inputting means; (b) at least one lens optically coupled to the outputting means; (c) a polarization beam splitter optically coupled to the lenses; and (d) at least two reflection interferometers optically coupled to the polarization beam splitter, wherein the interferometers introduce a phase difference between at least two of the plurality of optical channels. 17. The method of claim 2, wherein the multi-stage parallel cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the plurality of separators arranged in at least one stage, wherein each separator derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage. 18. The method of claim 3, wherein the hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the plurality of separators arranged in a plurality of stages, wherein a first stage of the plurality of stages of one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a parallel cascade configuration, wherein each of the separators in the first stage derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage, wherein a second stage of the plurality of stages of the one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a serial cascade configuration, wherein the second stage is optically coupled to the first stage, wherein the separators in the second stage are optically coupled in series. 19. The method of claim 4, wherein the programmable router configuration comprises: the plurality of separators configured in either a multi-stage parallel cascade configuration or a hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration, wherein at least one of the plurality of separators may be programmed such that a particular channel of the plurality of channels is routed to a particular optical path of the plurality of optical paths. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the multi-stage parallel cas cade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the plurality of separators arranged in at least one stage, wherein each separator derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage. 21. The method of claim 19, wherein the hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the plurality of separators arranged in a plurality of stages, wherein a first stage of the plurality of stages of one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a parallel cascade configuration, wherein each of the separators in the first stage derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage, wherein a second stage of the plurality of stages of the one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a serial cascade configuration, wherein the second stage is optically coupled to the first stage, wherein the separators in the second stage are optically coupled in series. 22. The method of claim 5, wherein the programmable configuration performing the add/drop function comprises: a first separator, comprising: a first input port of the first separator, a second input port of the first separator, a first output port of the first separator, and a second output port of the first separator; and a second separator, comprising: a first input port of the second separator optically coupled to the second output port of the first separator, a second input port of the second separator, a first output port of the second separator optically coupled to the second input port of the first separator, and a second output port of the second separator. 23. The system of claim 10, wherein the multi-stage parallel cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some the separators of the separating means arranged in at least one stage, wherein each separator derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage. 24. The system of claim 11, wherein the hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the separators of the separating means arranged in a plurality of stages, wherein a first stage of the plurality of stages of one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a parallel cascade configuration, wherein each of the separators in the first stage derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage, wherein a second stage of the plurality of stages of the one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a serial cascade configuration, wherein the second stage is optically coupled to the first stage, wherein the separators in the second stage are optically coupled in series. 25. The system of claim 12, wherein the programmable router configuration comprises: the separators of the separating means configured in either a multi-stage parallel cascade configuration or a hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration, wherein at least one of the separators may be programmed such that a particular channel of the plurality of channels is routed to a particular optical path of the plurality of optical paths. 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the multi-stage parallel cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the separators of the separating means arranged in at least one stage, wherein each separator derives from or acts upon a product of a preceding stage. 27. The system of claim 25, wherein the hybrid parallel-serial cascade configuration comprises: a plurality of cascades occurring in parallel, wherein each cascade comprises some of the separators of the separating means arranged in a plurality of stages, wherein a first stage of the plurality of stages of one of the plurality of cascades is arranged in a parallel cascade co
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