A fluid level measuring system for machines which utilizes fluids and has rotating and/or reciprocating elements. The system receives data from sensors as to the measured fluid level and measured fluid temperature. Optionally, data is received from other sensors such as to the angle of inclination o
A fluid level measuring system for machines which utilizes fluids and has rotating and/or reciprocating elements. The system receives data from sensors as to the measured fluid level and measured fluid temperature. Optionally, data is received from other sensors such as to the angle of inclination of the machine, gear setting (for a transmission), idle speed (for an engine or transmission), and dielectric constant of the fluid. The measured data is stored in a first data storage device. A second data storage device contains data as to the recommended fluid level and acceptable deviations thereof based upon a variety of possible sensor readings, which can be obtained from sources such as the manufacturer of the machine or by controlled dynamic measurements. A processor compares the stored sensor readings to the data stored in the second memory to arrive at the operational fluid level. The processor controls a display to identify the operational fluid level to the operator. Optionally, the processor may determine whether or not to initiate a change in the fluid level and/or activate an alarm. One application of the fluid measurement system is identified for a transmission.
대표청구항▼
A fluid level measuring system for machines which utilizes fluids and has rotating and/or reciprocating elements. The system receives data from sensors as to the measured fluid level and measured fluid temperature. Optionally, data is received from other sensors such as to the angle of inclination o
A fluid level measuring system for machines which utilizes fluids and has rotating and/or reciprocating elements. The system receives data from sensors as to the measured fluid level and measured fluid temperature. Optionally, data is received from other sensors such as to the angle of inclination of the machine, gear setting (for a transmission), idle speed (for an engine or transmission), and dielectric constant of the fluid. The measured data is stored in a first data storage device. A second data storage device contains data as to the recommended fluid level and acceptable deviations thereof based upon a variety of possible sensor readings, which can be obtained from sources such as the manufacturer of the machine or by controlled dynamic measurements. A processor compares the stored sensor readings to the data stored in the second memory to arrive at the operational fluid level. The processor controls a display to identify the operational fluid level to the operator. Optionally, the processor may determine whether or not to initiate a change in the fluid level and/or activate an alarm. One application of the fluid measurement system is identified for a transmission. lane during a movement of said first lens group; driving device adapted to respectively drive said first lens group and said second lens group; storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group; predicting device adapted to predict a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said lint lens group, during the magnification varying operation; calculating device adapted to find a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position, according to information stored in said storage device; and control device adapted to control a position of said second lens group so that said second lens group reaches the correction position after the predetermined time. 4. An image pickup apparatus comprising; a first lens group for perforating a magnification varying operation; a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group; driving device adapted to respectively drive said first lei~s group and said second lens group; storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group; focus detecting device adapted to output a focus signal; predicting device adapted to predict a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation; calculating device adapted to find a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position, according to information stored in said storage device; correction position changing device adapted to change the correction position according to an increase or decrease in the focus signal; and control device adapted to control a position of said second lens group so that said second lens group reaches the correction position after the predetermined time. 5. An image pickup apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the predetermined time is substantially equivalent to one vertical synchronizing period. 6. An image pickup apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a stepping motor is used as said driving means. 7. An image pickup apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a linear motor is used as said driving means. 8. An image pickup method of picking up an image by using a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation, a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group, driving device adapted to respectively drive said first lens group and said second lens group, storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group, said image pickup method comprising the steps of: predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation; and computing an in-focus position of said second lens group corresponding to the destination position of said first lens group and a moving speed of said first lens group, and controlling said driving device to drive said second lens group at the moving speed so as to reach at the in-focus position after the predetermined time. 9. An image pickup method of picking up an image by using a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation, a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group, driving device adapted to respectively drive said first len s group and said second lens group, storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group, and extracting device adapted to extract a focus signal from a signal of an image picked up by image pickup device, said image pickup method comprising the steps of: predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, dining the magnification varying operation; and computing an in-focus position of said second lens group corresponding to the destination position of said first lens group and a moving speed of said first lens group, and controlling said driving device to drive said second lens group at the moving speed so as to reach at the in-focus position after the predetermined time while varying the moving speed according to an increase or decrease in the focus signal. 10. An image pickup method of picking up an image by using a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation, a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group, driving device adapted to respectively drive said first lens group and said second lens group, storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group, said image pickup method comprising the steps of: predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time period according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation, finding a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position, according to the information stored in said storage device; and controlling a position of said second lens group so that said second lens group reaches the correction position after the predetermined time. 11. An image pickup method of picking up an image by using a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation, a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group, driving device adapted to respectively drive said first lens group and said second lens group, storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group, and extracting device adapted to extract a focus signal from a signal of an image picked up by image pickup, said image pickup method comprising the steps of: predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation, finding a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position, according to the information stored in said storage device; changing the correction position according to an increase or decrease in the focus signal; and controlling a position of said second lens group so that said second lens group reaches the changed correction position after the predetermined time. 12. An image pickup method according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the predetermined is substantially equivalent to one vertical synchronizing period. 13. An image pickup method according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein a stepping motor is used as a driving device. 14. An image pickup method according to one of claims 8 to 11, wherein a linear motor is used as said driving device. 15. An image pickup apparatus comprising; a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation; a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first len s group; detecting device adapted to detect a position of said second lens group; driving device adapted to drive said second lens group by supplying a driving signal to an actuator for moving said second lens group along an optical axis; storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group; predicting device adapted to predict a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation; calculating device adapted to calculate a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position predicted by said predicting device according to information stored in said storage device; and position control device adapted to perform position control of said second lens group so that, after the predetermined time, said second lens group reaches the correction position calculated by said calculating device, wherein said position control device controls a movement of said second lens group so that an average moving speed of said second lens group during the predetermined time becomes a predetermined speed. 16. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 15, wherein the predetermined speed is substantially equivalent to a speed at which said second lens group moves past a positional difference between a current position of said second lens group and the correction position calculated by said calculating device, within the predetermined time. 17. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation; first driving device adapted to move said first lens group; a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group; detecting device adapted to detect a position of said second lens group; second driving device adapted to drive said second lens group by supplying a driving signal to an actuator for moving said second lens group along an optical axis; storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group; predicting device adapted to predict a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group, during the magnification varying operation; calculating device adapted to calculate a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the destination position predicted by said predicting:device according to information stored in said storage device; and position control device adapted to perform position control of said second lens group so that, after the predetermined time, said second lens group reaches the correction position calculated by said calculating device, a moving speed of said first lens group being controlled so that a position to be reached by said first lens group after the predetermined time becomes coincident with an end position of a movable range of said first lens group if the destination position predicted by said predicting device exceeds the end position. 18. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a first lens group fir performing a magnification varying operation; first driving device adapted to move said first lens group; a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of said first lens group; detecting device adapted to detect a position of said second lens group; second driving device adapted to drive said second lens group by supplying a driving signal to an actuator for moving said second lens group along an optical axis; storage device adapted to store, according to a subject distance, an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group; predicting device adapted to predict an in-focus position corresponding to a predicted position of said first lens group to be reached after a predetermined time; control device adapted to perform position control of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position due to a variation in position of said first lens group during the magnification varying operation, according to information stored in said storage device, said second lens group moved a position corresponding to the predicted position of said first lens group and forcedly moved to an in-focus position relative to a stop position of said first lens group at the instant when the magnification varying operation stops. 19. An image pickup apparatus comprising: a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation; a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during the magnification varying operation; a first actuator for performing position control of said first lens group to move said first lens group along an optical axis; a second actuator for performing position control of said second lens group to move said second lens group along the optical axis so as to reach an in-focus position when the magnification varying operation is completed by executing a computation of the position of said second lens group on the basis of the positions of said first and second lens groups, wherein the computation cycle of said second lens group being made shorter than a position control cycle of said first lens group located at least in a predetermined area. 20. An image pickup apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the predetermined area is a long focal length area on a telephoto side. 21. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus, comprising the steps of: causing an actuator to move a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of a first lens group for performing magnification varying operation; predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group during the magnification varying operation; and calculating a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the predicted destination position of said first lens group, by means of a memory which stores an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group according to a subject distance, and performing position control of said second lens group so that, after the predetermined time, said second lens group reaches the calculated correction position, a movement of said second lens group being controlled so that an average moving speed of said second lens group during the predetermined time becomes a predetermined speed. 22. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the predetermined speed is substantially equivalent to a speed at which said second lens group moves past a positional difference between a current position of said second lens group and the correction position within the predetermined time. 23. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus, comprising the steps of: causing an actuator to move a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation; predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group during the magnification varying operation; and calculating a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the predicted destination position of said first lens group, by means of a memory which stores an in-focus position of said second l ens group relative to a position of said first lens group according to a subject distance, and performing position control of said second lens group so that, after the predetermined time, said second lens group reaches the calculated correction position, a moving speed of said first lens group being controlled so that a position to be reached by said first lens group after the predetermined time becomes coincident with an end position of a movable range of said first lens group if the predicted destination position exceeds the end position. 24. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus, comprising the steps of: causing an actuator to mow a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane during a movement of a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation; predicting a destination position to be reached by said first lens group after a predetermined time according to a moving speed of said first lens group during the magnification varying operation; and calculating a correction position of said second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal position with respect to the predicted destination position of said first lens group, by means of a memory which stores an in-focus position of said second lens group relative to a position of said first lens group according to a subject distance, and performing position control of said second lens group so that, after the predetermined time, said second lens group reaches the calculated correction position, said second lens group being moved a position corresponding to the predicted position of said first lens group and forcedly moved to an in-focus position relative to a stop position of said first lens group at the instant when the magnification varying operation stops. 25. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus which performs position control of a first lens group for performing a magnification varying operation and a second lens group for correcting a movement of a focal plane dining the magnification varying operation, comprising the steps of: performing position control of said first lens group by a first actuator to move said first lens group along an optical axis; performing a position control of said second lens group by a second actuator to move said second lens group along the optical axis so as to reach an in-focus position when the magnification varying operation is completed by executing a computation of the position of said second lens group on the basis of the positions of said first and second lens groups; and performing the computation cycle of said second lens group being made shorter than a position control cycle of said first lens group located at least in a predetermined area. 26. A method of controlling an image pickup apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the predetermined area is a long focal length area on a telephoto side. o light beams recombined by the diffraction grating into a plurality of electric signals corresponding to phase modulation areas of the liquid crystal device, wherein the light source and the photoelectric conversion element are provided on the same one side of two sides sandwiching the diffraction grating and the reflection mirrors and the liquid crystal device are provided on the same other side sandwiching the diffraction grating, that is opposite to the side of the light source and the photoelectric conversion element, and the displacement of the diffraction grating is measured based on a plurality of output signals from the photoelectric conversion element; said apparatus further comprising: a branching circuit that splits the plurality of output signals from the photoelectric conversion element; a phase difference detecting circuit that detects a phase difference between the split output signals; a corrected-signal generating circuit that calculates a corrected signal to make the phase difference between the output signals to π/2 (rad), and outputs this corrected signal; and a liquid crystal device driving circuit that converts the corrected signal into a voltage signal for correcting a phase of the liquid crystal device, wherein the phase difference between the output signals is always maintained accurately at π/2 (rad). 2. A displacement measuring apparatus for detecting a displacement amount of a measured object by using a scale that moves with the movement of the measured object, the displacement measuring apparatus comprising: a coherent light source; a diffraction grating that is marked with lines in a direction perpendicular to a movement direction of the scale and that splits a light beam emitted from the light source into two light beams of a regular-reflection light and a reflection-diffracted light; a liquid crystal device that is disposed on an optical path of one of the two light beams, and that modulates the phase of the light beam between areas on a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to a proceeding direction of the light beam, thereby to obtain a desired phase difference in an interference signal between this light beam and the other light beam on the other optical path; reflection mirrors that make the two light beams incident again into an incident point of the diffraction grating; and a photoelectric conversion element that converts an interference light between the two light beams recombined by the diffraction grating into a plurality of electric signals corresponding to phase modulation areas of the liquid crystal device, wherein the light source, the reflection mirror, the liquid crystal device, and the photoelectric conversion element are all provided on the same side of the diffraction grating, and the displacement of the diffraction grating is measured based on a plurality of output signals from the photoelectric conversion element; said apparatus further comprising: a branching circuit that splits the plurality of output signals from the photoelectric conversion element; a phase difference detecting circuit that detects a phase difference between the split output signals; a corrected-signal generating circuit that calculates a corrected signal to make the phase difference between the output signals to π/2 (rad), and outputs this corrected signal; and a liquid crystal device driving circuit that converts the corrected signal into a voltage signal for correcting a phase of the liquid crystal device, wherein the phase difference between the output signals is always maintained accurately at π/2 (rad). pattern is disposed and which is of length L in a first direction of said rectangular meshing and of width l in a second direction of said rectangular meshing, (c) a two-dimensional phase grating with rectangular meshing in the reference plane, said phase grating having an elementary phase mesh in which an elementary phase pattern is disposed and which is of length 2L in the first direction of said rectangular meshing of said phase grating and of width 2l in the second direction of said rectangular meshing of said phase grating, (d) said elementary phase meshes having sides coinciding with sides of said elementary intensity meshes, and said elementary phase pattern introducing a phase shift close to π (modulo 2π) between two secondary beams passing through two adjacent elementary intensity patterns, and (e) means for observing an image formed by interference between said secondary beams in a plane located at a predetermined distance from said reference plane, deformations in said image being related to the slope of the analyzed wavefront. 2. The system claimed in claim 1 wherein said intensity grating is of the rectangular crossed Ronchi type. 3. The system claimed in claim 1 wherein said phase grating is of the checkerboard type with two levels of thickness. 4. The system claimed in claim 1 wherein said intensity and phase gratings operate in transmission mode. 5. The system claimed in claim 1 wherein said intensity and phase gratings operate in reflection mode. t medium. 8. The image projection system as in claim 1, wherein said system is used in a video image projection system. 9. The image projection system as in claim 1, wherein said system is used in a television image projection system. 10. The image projection system as in claim 1, wherein said system is used in a computer-generated image projection system. 11. The image projection, system as in claim 1, wherein said at least one switchable portion comprises at least first and second independently switchable portions disposed adjacent one another. 12. The image projection system as in claim 11, wherein said first and second portions are at least partially overlapping. 13. An image projection system comprising an image projecting means and an image receipt screen, said screen comprising a substantially transparent medium having at least one portion switchable between a substantially transparent optical characteristic and a substantially opaque optical characteristic, wherein said switchable portion comprises a photosensitive material. 14. An image projection system comprising an image projecting means and an image receipt screen, said screen comprising a substantially transparent medium having at least one portion switchable between a substantially transparent optical characteristic and a substantially opaque optical characteristic, wherein said at least one switchable portion comprises at least first and second independently switchable portions disposed adjacent one another, wherein said first and second independently switchable portions are each adapted for a different lighting condition.
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