초록 ▼

The invention includes apparatus and methods for electrotransport of a drug or other beneficial agent through a skin or mucosal membrane surface. In one embodiment, at least one of the cathode or anode electrode of an electrochemical cell is configured, at least in part, as an electroactive needle f

The invention includes apparatus and methods for electrotransport of a drug or other beneficial agent through a skin or mucosal membrane surface. In one embodiment, at least one of the cathode or anode electrode of an electrochemical cell is configured, at least in part, as an electroactive needle for insertion all or part way through the stratum corneum of a patient's skin. A reservoir containing a beneficial agent may be provided in fluid communication with one or more electroactive needles, in which case the electroactive needle(s) may be configured with a hollow bore interior for transport of the beneficial agent directly into a subject's tissues. In a related embodiment, an electroactive needle is configured for intravenous and/or intramuscular use. The invention also includes an electrotransport system comprising an electrochemically active porous substrate. In a further embodiment, the invention comprises an electrotransport system having one or more implantable active porous electrodes.

대표청구항 ▼

The invention includes apparatus and methods for electrotransport of a drug or other beneficial agent through a skin or mucosal membrane surface. In one embodiment, at least one of the cathode or anode electrode of an electrochemical cell is configured, at least in part, as an electroactive needle f

The invention includes apparatus and methods for electrotransport of a drug or other beneficial agent through a skin or mucosal membrane surface. In one embodiment, at least one of the cathode or anode electrode of an electrochemical cell is configured, at least in part, as an electroactive needle for insertion all or part way through the stratum corneum of a patient's skin. A reservoir containing a beneficial agent may be provided in fluid communication with one or more electroactive needles, in which case the electroactive needle(s) may be configured with a hollow bore interior for transport of the beneficial agent directly into a subject's tissues. In a related embodiment, an electroactive needle is configured for intravenous and/or intramuscular use. The invention also includes an electrotransport system comprising an electrochemically active porous substrate. In a further embodiment, the invention comprises an electrotransport system having one or more implantable active porous electrodes. 69, 19980700, Miura; US-6266505, 20010700, Ban et al., 399/258 ermined change in said physical quantity; a mobile telephone switching office in electrical communication with the transceiver of said cellular interface unit; and a mobile transceiver in electrical communication with said mobile telephone switching office. 12. The fixed cellular communications system as defined by claim 11 wherein said private branch exchange is a key system unit. 13. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 11 wherein said predetermined change of said physical quantity is based on a change of said physical quantity from an operative state indicative of said transceiver being in an operating mode to an inoperative state indicative of said transceiver being in a standby mode. 14. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 13 wherein said inoperative state of said physical quantity exists when said physical quantity has a value associated therewith that is within a window defined as including values between a high threshold value and a low threshold value. 15. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 14 wherein said call disconnection circuitry is responsive to said physical quantity value being within said window for a predetermined period of time. 16. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 15 wherein said predetermined period of time is approximately five hundred milliseconds. 17. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 11 wherein said physical quantity is operating current of said transceiver. 18. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 11 wherein said physical quantity is power consumed by said transceiver. 19. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 11 wherein said call disconnection supervision circuitry comprises a window comparator circuit. 20. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 19 wherein said window comparator circuit comprises a first operational amplifier and a second operational amplifier electrically coupled to the first operational amplifier. 21. The cellular interface unit as defined by claim 20 wherein said first operational amplifier comprises: an inverting terminal electrically coupled to said transceiver; a noninverting terminal electrically coupled to a first reference electrical energy source; and an output terminal; wherein said second operational amplifier comprises: an inverting terminal electrically coupled to a second reference electrical energy source; a noninverting terminal electrically coupled to the output terminal of said first operational amplifier; and an output terminal; and wherein said call disconnection supervision circuit further comprises: a one-shot device having an input terminal electrically coupled to the output terminal of said second operational amplifer, and an output terminal electrically coupled to said trunk line. 22. A method for using a cellular interface unit electrically coupled with a trunk line of a private branch exchange to control deactivation of said trunk line upon termination of a telephone call, comprising the steps of: providing a cellular interface unit having a transceiver, a power supply electrically coupled to the transceiver, and control circuitry electrically coupled to the transceiver; receiving at said transceiver a signal indicative of said termination of said telephone call; changing a physical quantity attributable to said transceiver in response to receipt of said signal; detecting said change of said physical quantity; and causing said trunk line to be deactivated in response to said detection of said change of said physical quantity.