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A method and apparatus for efficiently generating mechanical or electrical energy. The method includes the steps of heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; utilizing the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy and thereafter condensing the

A method and apparatus for efficiently generating mechanical or electrical energy. The method includes the steps of heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; utilizing the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy and thereafter condensing the vapor to a liquid; and recycling the condensed liquid to the heating step for re-use as the first liquid heat transfer medium. The apparatus includes a closed loop heat transfer medium system having a first heat exchanger for heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; a mechanical device which utilizes the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy; a condenser for condensing the vapor to a liquid; and piping for fluidly connecting the first heat exchanger, mechanical device and condenser, and for recycling the condensed liquid to the first heat exchanger for re-use. The first heat transfer medium is preferably maintained in a hermetically sealed circuit so that essentially no loss of heat transfer medium occurs during the heating and condensing steps, and is a fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture that (a) generates a high pressure of at least 400 psi at a pressure generation temperature that is below the boiling point of water, (b) has a boiling point which is below the freezing point of water, and (c) has a critical temperature which is above that of the pressure generation temperature. Also disclosed are various apparatus and vapor engines that utilize the heat transfer medium and to generate electrical power or motive forces.

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A method and apparatus for efficiently generating mechanical or electrical energy. The method includes the steps of heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; utilizing the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy and thereafter condensing the

A method and apparatus for efficiently generating mechanical or electrical energy. The method includes the steps of heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; utilizing the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy and thereafter condensing the vapor to a liquid; and recycling the condensed liquid to the heating step for re-use as the first liquid heat transfer medium. The apparatus includes a closed loop heat transfer medium system having a first heat exchanger for heating a vaporizable, first liquid heat transfer medium to generate a high pressure vapor; a mechanical device which utilizes the high pressure vapor to provide mechanical energy; a condenser for condensing the vapor to a liquid; and piping for fluidly connecting the first heat exchanger, mechanical device and condenser, and for recycling the condensed liquid to the first heat exchanger for re-use. The first heat transfer medium is preferably maintained in a hermetically sealed circuit so that essentially no loss of heat transfer medium occurs during the heating and condensing steps, and is a fluorocarbon or fluorocarbon mixture that (a) generates a high pressure of at least 400 psi at a pressure generation temperature that is below the boiling point of water, (b) has a boiling point which is below the freezing point of water, and (c) has a critical temperature which is above that of the pressure generation temperature. Also disclosed are various apparatus and vapor engines that utilize the heat transfer medium and to generate electrical power or motive forces. eference segment of another terminal group; (c) the position of a terminal in a group is defined by its distance from the pattern center and its offset from the reference line segment; (d) at least about 50% of the terminals in a group are not collinear with, but offset from, the reference line segment; (e) in at least one of the terminal groups, either the offset of the terminals from the reference line segment is not uniform, or the distance of the terminals from the pattern center does not increase uniformly; wherein each terminal in said pattern is sufficiently offset from each other terminal in said pattern consistent with Design Rules; and wherein terminal routing is provided on one or more layers and wherein there are a sufficient number of layers provided to allow inward and outward routing of all signals for the pattern. 2. An integrated circuit package of claim 1 wherein inward signal routing is provided on different layers than outward signal routing. 3. An integrated circuit package of claim 1 further comprising terminals in one or more of said layers that do not require routing. 4. An integrated circuit package of claim 1 which is a pin array, a ball array, or a land array. 5. An integrated circuit package of claim 1 further comprising an integrated circuit chip which is connected to the package using wire bond or flip chip technology. 6. An integrated circuit package of claim 1 wherein the terminals are selected from the group consisting of vias, microvias, through-hole vias, blind vias, buried vias, staggered vias, bond pads, bump pads, bull pads and combinations thereof. 7. The integrated circuit package of claim 1 which is an integrated circuit flip chip. 8. An electronic design which comprises the integrated circuit package of claim 1. 9. An integrated circuit which comprises one or more layers having at least a portion of a terminal pattern having a center and an outer perimeter and comprising a plurality of groups of terminals each of said groups of terminals being substantially organized into a plurality of radial spokes extending from the center to said outer perimeter and forming a routability zone between each of said radial spokes wherein: (a) the terminals in each of said groups of terminals are clustered along a reference line segment extending from the pattern center to intersect the device perimeter; (b) at least about 90% of the terminals in a given terminal group are each closer to the reference line segment of that terminal group than they are to the reference segment of another terminal group; (c) the position of a terminal in a group is defined by its distance from the pattern center and its offset from the reference line segment; (d) at least about 50% of the terminals in a group are not collinear with, but offset from, the reference line segment; (e) in at least one of the terminal groups, either the offset of the terminals from the reference line segment is not uniform, or the distance of the terminals from the pattern center does not increase uniformly; and wherein each terminal in said pattern is sufficiently offset from each other terminal in said pattern consistent with Design Rules. 10. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein a portion of the terminals in a terminal group are alternatively staggered along the reference line segment of the group. 11. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein in a group of terminals the magnitude of the offset of each terminal from the reference line segment of the group increases as the distance of the terminals for the group from the center of the pattern increases. 12. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein in a group of terminals the magnitude of the offset of each terminal from the reference line segment of the group increases then decreases as the distance of the terminals in the group from the center of the pattern increases. 13. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein at least about 50% of the routability zones in the patt ern are generally wedge-shaped in an outward direction from the pattern center. 14. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein a plurality of terminals in the pattern fall on a grid. 15. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein all groups of terminals in the pattern have the same number of terminals. 16. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the pattern has a footprint in the shape of a circle, an octagon, a rectangle, a square, or a rectangle or square with truncated corners. 17. The integrated circuit of claim 9 wherein the terminals are selected from the group consisting of vias, microvias, through-hole vias, blind vias, buried vias, staggered vias, bond pads, bump pads, bull pads and combinations thereof. 18. The integrated circuit of claim 9 which comprises two or more terminal patterns. 19. The integrated circuit of claim 18 wherein the terminal pattern comprises an inner radial portion and an outer radial portion. 20. A method for making an integrated circuit or an integrated circuit package which comprises the step of providing a terminal pattern in one or more layers of the integrated circuit or integrated circuit package wherein the terminal pattern has a center and an outer perimeter and comprises a plurality of groups of terminals, each of the groups of terminals are substantially organized into a plurality of radial spokes extending from the center to said outer perimeter and forming a routability zone between each of said radial spokes wherein: (a) the terminals in each of said groups of terminals are clustered along a reference line segment extending from the pattern center to intersect the device perimeter; (b) at least about 90% of the terminals in a given terminal group are each closer to the reference line segment of that terminal group than they are to the reference segment of another terminal group; (c) the position of a terminal in a group is defined by its distance from the pattern center and its offset from the reference line segment; (d) at least about 50% of the terminals in a group are not collinear with, but offset from, the reference segment; (e) in at least one of the terminal groups, either the offset of the terminals from the reference line segment is not uniform, or the distance of the terminals from the pattern center does not increase uniformly; and wherein each terminal in said pattern is sufficiently offset from each other terminal in said pattern consistent with Design Rules.