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A surface lighting device includes a light guiding plate having a light incident surface formed at one end surface and a light exit surface formed on a front surface thereof; an elongated light source facing the light incident surface; a light source reflector which reflects light emitted from the e

A surface lighting device includes a light guiding plate having a light incident surface formed at one end surface and a light exit surface formed on a front surface thereof; an elongated light source facing the light incident surface; a light source reflector which reflects light emitted from the elongated light source toward the light incident surface; a prism sheet, wherein an array of minute parallel prism projections is formed on a surface thereof, the array of minute parallel prism projections facing the light exit surface; a regular reflection type reflector facing a rear surface of the light guiding plate; a light guiding device for guiding light emitted from the elongated light source to two portions of the light incident surface which respectively face opposite ends of the elongated light source; and a diffuser, formed on the light incident surface, which diffuses incident light thereon.

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A surface lighting device includes a light guiding plate having a light incident surface formed at one end surface and a light exit surface formed on a front surface thereof; an elongated light source facing the light incident surface; a light source reflector which reflects light emitted from the e

A surface lighting device includes a light guiding plate having a light incident surface formed at one end surface and a light exit surface formed on a front surface thereof; an elongated light source facing the light incident surface; a light source reflector which reflects light emitted from the elongated light source toward the light incident surface; a prism sheet, wherein an array of minute parallel prism projections is formed on a surface thereof, the array of minute parallel prism projections facing the light exit surface; a regular reflection type reflector facing a rear surface of the light guiding plate; a light guiding device for guiding light emitted from the elongated light source to two portions of the light incident surface which respectively face opposite ends of the elongated light source; and a diffuser, formed on the light incident surface, which diffuses incident light thereon. ronts derived from said phase-aligned wavefronts; an adaptive optical subsystem, operably coupled to said optical subsystem, including a phase-compensating optical element, a controller and a wavefront sensor, wherein the distorted wavefronts derived from said light beam produced from said first light source are presented to said phase-compensating optical element and said wavefront sensor, wherein said wavefront sensor measures phase aberrations in said distorted wavefronts and operates in a closed-loop fashion with said controller to control said phase-compensating optical element to compensate for such phase aberrations to restore said distorted wavefronts to phase-aligned wavefronts; and an imaging subsystem, operably coupled to said adaptive optical subsystem, for capturing an image of said phase-aligned wavefronts produced by said phase-compensating optical element; wherein said wavefront sensor includes a lenslet array and an imaging device, wherein said lenslet array spatially samples said distorted wavefronts and focuses samples of said distorted wavefronts to form a test spot pattern, and wherein said imaging device captures said test spot pattern, and wherein phase aberrations in said distorted wavefronts are measured by characterizing the movement of spots in said test spot pattern; wherein said wavefront sensor comprises a relay lens operably coupled between said lenslet array and said imaging device, and wherein said relay lens and said imaging device are aligned along an optical axis and mounted on a moveable stage that translates linearly along said optical axis. 2. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said phase-compensating optical element comprises a deformable mirror. 3. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said deformable mirror comprises a silicon micro machined membrane mirror including a silicon chip mounted over a printed circuit board substrate by spacers, wherein a top surface of said silicon chip comprises a membrane which is coated with a reflective layer to form a mirror surface, and wherein said printed circuit board comprises a control electrode structure that operates to deform the shape of said reflective layer by applying bias and control voltages to said membrane and said control electrode structure disposed therein. 4. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said phase-compensating optical element comprises a liquid crystal device. 5. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said imaging device comprises one of a CCD camera body, a CMOS camera body and an integrating CCD camera body. 6. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said lenslet array comprises an array of lenslets having non-overlapping subapertures, wherein each said lenslet comprises a reference fiducial point that contributes to a reference spot pattern imaged by said relay lens onto said imaging device in a calibration mode. 7. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 6, wherein a reference null position for calculating movement of a spot in a test spot pattern produced from a given lenslet, is derived from location of a spot in said reference spot pattern produced from the given lenslet. 8. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 7, wherein during said calibration mode, said non-overlapping subapertures of said imaging device are dynamically assigned to lenslets in said lenslet array for use in tracking the movement of spots in said test spot pattern. 9. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 7, wherein during said calibration mode, said non-overlapping subapertures of the imaging device are dynamically assigned to particular lenslets in said lenslet array for use in tracking the movement of spots in said test spot pattern, and wherein each particular lenslet corresponds to a single spot in both said reference spot pattern and said test spot pattern. 10. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said imaging subsystem includes an imaging element for capturing an image of the phase-aligned wavef ronts produced by said phase-compensating optical element. 11. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 10, wherein said imaging element comprises one of a CCD camera body, a CMOS camera body, and an integrating CCD camera body. 12. The ophthalmic instrument camera of claim 10, wherein said imaging element is coupled to an image display apparatus via a communication link. 13. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 12, wherein said communication link comprises a USB interface. 14. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said imaging subsystem includes a photographic film unit for capturing an image of the phase-aligned wavefronts produced by said phase-compensating optical element. 15. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said first light source comprises a flash source. 16. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 15, wherein said flash source comprises one of a xenon flash lamp and a krypton flash lamp. 17. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical subsystem further comprises a second light source, distinct from said first light source, that produces light in an observation mode, and wherein said optical subsystem directs light produced from said second light source to the human eye and collects reflections of such light for observation of the human eye. 18. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 17, wherein said second light source comprises one of a halogen lamp and at least one infra-red light emitting diode. 19. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 17, wherein said optical subsystem directs reflections derived from the second light source to a view finder for observation of the human eye. 20. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 17, wherein said optical subsystem directs reflections derived from the second light source to an imaging element which captures an image for display on an image display for observation of the human eye. 21. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 20, wherein said imaging element comprises one of a CCD camera body and a CMOS camera body. 22. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 20, wherein said image display comprises a TET LCD device. 23. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical subsystem, said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem are packaged in separate and distinct modular housings that interface via detachable connectors. 24. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 23, wherein both said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem can be selectively interfaced directly to said optical subsystem. 25. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 23, wherein both said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem can be selectively interfaced directly to a relay lens adapter that is detachably interfaced to said optical subsystem. 26. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, further comprising an internal fixation target that is used to adjust accommodation of the lens of the human eye such that it is focused at or substantially near infinity. 27. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, configured as a desktop instrument. 28. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, configured as a hand-held instrument. 29. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 28, further comprising a housing, and a strap affixed to said housing that enables a user to hold said ophthalmic instrument by sliding the user's hand under said strap. 30. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical subsystem, said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem capture a high resolution image of a portion of the ocular fundus of said human eye. 31. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical subsystem, said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem capture a high resolution image of a portion of the cornea of said human eye. 32. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical subsystem, said adaptive optical subsystem and said imaging subsystem capture a high resolution image of a portion of said human eye. 33. The ophthalmic instrument of claim 1, in