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An apparatus and methods for effectively determining the start of combustion in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the start of combustion is calculated by obtaining cylinder pressure data (P), processing the cylinder pressure data (P) into a processed pressure value indicative of the

An apparatus and methods for effectively determining the start of combustion in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the start of combustion is calculated by obtaining cylinder pressure data (P), processing the cylinder pressure data (P) into a processed pressure value indicative of the occurrence of SOC, comparing the processed pressure value to a predetermined threshold value, if the processed pressure value crosses the predetermined threshold value, determining that SOC has occurred, and calculating a crank shaft location at which the predetermined threshold value was crossed by the processed pressure value thereby identifying the crank shaft location at which SOC occurred. In alternative embodiments, optional steps may be provided including a verification step, a windowing step, a filtering step, determining occurrence of misfire, and determining occurrence of retarded timing.

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An apparatus and methods for effectively determining the start of combustion in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the start of combustion is calculated by obtaining cylinder pressure data (P), processing the cylinder pressure data (P) into a processed pressure value indicative of the

An apparatus and methods for effectively determining the start of combustion in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine where the start of combustion is calculated by obtaining cylinder pressure data (P), processing the cylinder pressure data (P) into a processed pressure value indicative of the occurrence of SOC, comparing the processed pressure value to a predetermined threshold value, if the processed pressure value crosses the predetermined threshold value, determining that SOC has occurred, and calculating a crank shaft location at which the predetermined threshold value was crossed by the processed pressure value thereby identifying the crank shaft location at which SOC occurred. In alternative embodiments, optional steps may be provided including a verification step, a windowing step, a filtering step, determining occurrence of misfire, and determining occurrence of retarded timing. lasp comprising a pair of swingable arms, a pair of basic bodies connected to front ends of the respective arms and magnets mounted on the respective basic bodies so that the pair of basic bodies may be detachably coupled to each other under mutual attraction of these magnets, wherein said clasp comprises at least one set of protruberances and notches adapted to come in engagement, said at least one set of protruberances and notches being formed on peripheral edges of said basic bodies, wherein an assembly of the paired basic bodies and said arms present a curved shape as said basic bodies are coupled to each other and the basic bodies connected to the front ends of said arms lie at a level above pivot pins adapted to support said arms in a swingable fashion, and wherein, from a state in which the front end of one arm is in engagement with a cutout of one basic body in the paired basic bodies connected to the front end of the other arm and the paired basic bodies are coupled to each other, the front end of said one arm is progressively disengaged from said cutout without affecting the positions at which the respective basic bodies are connected to the associated arms. a; a post within the razor blade storage area that is configured to pass through a center hole of at least one stored razor blade, wherein the post is configured to engage the cover when the cover is in a closed position; arcuate handle portions forming a top an bottom surface of the razor blade storage area; wherein the post is higher than the side-walls of the razor blade storage area; and the cover is rotatably connected to the handle portion. 6. The razor blade device according to claim 1, further comprising: a lock mechanism configured to retain a razor blade in the razor blade carrier when in a first position, and to allow a razor blade to exit the razor blade carrier when in a second position. 7. A razor blade device comprising: a handle portion; a razor blade housing connected to the handle portion; a razor blade carrier for holding a razor blade rotatably mounted within the razor blade housing such that the razor blade carrier is rotatable to a plurality of positions within the razor blade housing; a lock mechanism configured to retain a razor blade in the razor blade carrier when in a first position, and to allow a razor blade to exit the razor blade carrier when in a second position; a rotation mechanism within the razor blade housing for rotating the razor blade carrier, comprising: a key that non-rotatably engages the razor blade carrier; a spring that engages the key; an insert that engages the spring, non-rotatably engages the key, and rotatably engages the razor blade housing; and a knob that non-rotatably engages the insert and is accessible outside of the razor blade housing. 8. A razor blade device comprising a handle portion; a razor blade housing connected to the handle portion; a razor blade carrier for holding a razor blade rotatably mounted within the razor blade housing such that the razor blade carrier is rotatable to a plurality of positions within the razor blade housing; a lock mechanism configured to retain a razor blade in the razor blade carrier when in a first position, and to allow a razor blade to exit the razor blade carrier when in a second position, wherein the lock mechanism comprises: a razor blade engaging tab attached to the razor blade carrier; and a lock actuator moveably attached to the razor blade housing that is moveable to a first position where the lock actuator causes the razor blade engaging tab to engage a razor blade, and to a second position where the lock actuator allows the razor blade engaging tab to disengage from a razor blade. 9. The razor blade device according to claim 1, wherein the razor blade carrier further comprises: a stop attached to the razor blade carrier configured to engage a notch in a razor blade. 10. A razor blade device comprising: a handle portion; a razor blade retaining portion comprising: a razor blade housing connected to the handle portion; and a razor blade carrier for holding a razor blade rotatably mounted within the razor blade housing such that the razor blade carrier is rotatable within the razor blade housing to a plurality of positions, wherein the razor blade housing covers substantially the entire razor blade carrier; and a razor blade storage area for storing razor blades without sharp edges of any razor blades contacting surfaces of the razor blade storage area, comprising: an upper surface comprising a moveable cover that provides access to the storage area; a lower surface; side-wall surfaces; and a post attached to the lower surface that is at least as high as the side-walls, is configured to pass through a center aperture in stored razor blades, and engages the cover when the cover is in a closed position. 11. The razor blade device according to claim 10, wherein: the upper surface is arcuate; the lower surface is arcuate; and the cover is arcuate. 12. A razor blade device comprising: a handle portion; a razor blade housing; a razor blade carrier rotatably mo unted within the razor blade housing configured to retain a razor blade; a rotation mechanism non-rotatably connected to the razor blade carrier, rotatably connected to the razor blade housing, and accessible outside of the razor blade housing; and a stop on the razor blade carrier configured to engage a notch in a razor blade. 13. The razor blade device according to claim 12, wherein the rotation mechanism engages the razor blade housing in a first position to prevent rotation of the razor blade carrier, and disengages the razor blade housing in a second position to allow rotation of the razor blade carrier. 14. The razor blade device according to claim 12, further comprising: a lock mechanism configured to retain a razor blade in the razor blade carrier. 15. The razor blade device according to claim 12, further comprising: a first razor blade position; a second razor blade position; a third razor blade position; and a fourth razor blade position; wherein the razor blade device is configured to substantially cover a sharp edge of a razor blade when the razor blade carrier is in the first razor blade position; the razor blade device is configured to substantially expose a sharp edge of a razor blade when the razor blade carrier is in the second razor blade position; the razor blade device is configured to completely expose a sharp edge of a razor blade when the razor blade carrier is in the third razor blade position; and the razor blade device is configured to expose only a corner of a sharp edge of a razor blade when the razor blade carrier is in the fourth razor blade position. 16. The razor blade device according to claim 15, further comprising: a slot in the razor blade housing configured to provide access to a portion of a sharp edge of a razor blade when the razor blade carrier is in the first razor blade position. 17. A razor blade device comprising: a first housing portion; a second housing portion connected to the first housing portion to define a hollow housing; and a razor blade carrier for holding a razor blade rotatably mounted within one end of the housing such that the razor blade carrier is rotatable to a plurality of positions within the housing; wherein the first housing portion is statically retained with respect to the second housing portion while the razor blade carrier is allowed to rotate. 18. The razor blade device according to claim 17, further comprising: a razor blade storage area within the housing configured to store a razor blade without a sharp edge of a razor blade contacting sidewalls of the storage area; and a cover moveably attached to he first housing portion configured to provide access to the razor blade storage area. S-6327116, 20011200, Watanabe et al., 360/126; US-6330743, 20011200, Iijima et al., 029/603.14; US-6333841, 20011200, Sasaki, 360/317; US-6353995, 20020300, Sasaki et al., 029/603.14 a mounting area with a selected outer diameter, said method comprising the steps of: providing an inside tapered collet in said bore; forming an outside tapered collet having an inner diameter essentially matching the outer diameter of the mounting area; engaging the outside tapered collet on the measuring tube at said mounting area, and pushing the outside and inside tapered collets together with a pushing force in the direction of said axis so that said tapered collets interfit, the tapers of said collets being dimensionally matched so that said pushing force provides sufficient radial pressure to create a force fit of the metal body on the measuring tube. 7. The method as in claim 6, including the step of forming the inside tapered collet as an integral part of the metal body. 8. The method as in claim 6 or 7, including the step of welding the outside tapered collet to the measuring tube. 9. The method as in claims 6 or 7 including the steps of: mounting the outside tapered collet on a metal jacket, and firmly attaching the metal jacket to the measuring tube. 10. The method as in claim 9, including selecting the length of the metal jacket to be only slightly greater than the length of the bore in the metal body and the outer diameter of the metal jacket to be significantly larger than the outer diameter of the measuring tube. 11. The method as in claim 6 or 7, including the steps of: flush-mounting a ring, preferably consisting of copper, on the inside surface of the outside tapered collet and/or on the outside of the inside tapered collet, and applying the pushing force by way of said ring. 12. The method as in claim 6 or 7, wherein said pushing step is accomplished with the aid of a screw coupling. 13. The method as in claim 6 or 7, including the step of forming the outside tapered collet and/or the inside tapered collet of titanium, steel or stainless or alloy steel. 14. The method as in claim 6 or 7, including the step of coating the inner surface of the outside tapered collet with a filler material preferably consisting of a metal such as silver or a synthetic material such as PTFE. 15. A method for mounting a metal body on an essentially straight titanium or zirconium measuring tube of a Coriolis mass flow meter, said method comprising the steps of: firmly engaging a metal jacket around the measuring tube; pushing a tubular metal body having an inner surface onto the metal jacket; pressing the metal body inward directly against the metal jacket, and welding the metal body to the metal jacket. 16. The method as in claim 15, including the step of welding the metal jacket to the measuring tube. 17. The method as in claim 16, including selecting the length of the metal jacket to be only slightly greater than the length of the inner surface of the metal body and the outer diameter of the metal jacket to be significantly larger then the outer diameter of the measuring tube. 18. The method as in one of the claims 15 to 17, including the step of coating the inner surface of the metal body with a filler material preferably consisting of a metal such as silver or a synthetic material such as PTFE. 19. The method as in one of the claim 1, 6 or 15, including the step of forming the metal body of titanium, zirconium, steel or stainless or alloy steel. 20. The method as in one of the claim 1, 6 or 15, including the step of forming the metal body as a retaining collar for an oscillator or a process-variable detector or a part of an oscillator or process-variable detector.