초록 ▼

A photoelectric conversion layer 13, a transparent electrode layer 14, an insulating layer 15, and a back electrode layer 16 are successively formed in this order on a conductive substrate 11 having a through-hole 17 formed therein, and the transparent electrode layer 14 and the back electrode layer

A photoelectric conversion layer 13, a transparent electrode layer 14, an insulating layer 15, and a back electrode layer 16 are successively formed in this order on a conductive substrate 11 having a through-hole 17 formed therein, and the transparent electrode layer 14 and the back electrode layer 16 are electrically communicated with each other through the through-hole 17 so as to provide a photovoltaic element in which no grid is employed and improve the productivity and the production yield.

대표청구항 ▼

A photoelectric conversion layer 13, a transparent electrode layer 14, an insulating layer 15, and a back electrode layer 16 are successively formed in this order on a conductive substrate 11 having a through-hole 17 formed therein, and the transparent electrode layer 14 and the back electrode layer

A photoelectric conversion layer 13, a transparent electrode layer 14, an insulating layer 15, and a back electrode layer 16 are successively formed in this order on a conductive substrate 11 having a through-hole 17 formed therein, and the transparent electrode layer 14 and the back electrode layer 16 are electrically communicated with each other through the through-hole 17 so as to provide a photovoltaic element in which no grid is employed and improve the productivity and the production yield. ating a target frequency for at least one partial of said second tone generator based upon at least one of said at least one measured inharmonicity value and at least one of said at least one estimated inharmonicity value. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: adjusting said second tone generator based upon said at least one calculated target frequency for said second tone generator. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising: (a) measuring at least two partials of another of said plurality of the multiple tone generators; (b) calculating at least one inharmonicity value for said another tone generator, each inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two of said measured at least two partials of said another tone generator; (c) calculating a target frequency for at least one partial of said another tone generator based upon at least one of said measured at least one inharmonicity value and at least one at least one of said at least one estimated inharmonicity value; (d) adjusting said another tone generator based upon at least one said calculated target frequency for another tone generator; and (e) repeating (a)-(d) for a plurality of remaining tone generators of the multiple tone generators. 16. A method for use in the tuning of a musical instrument having multiple adjustable frequency tone generators, each said tone generator capable of producing one or more different order partials, with the first partial for each tone generator corresponding to the lowest frequency of said each tone generator, the method comprising: measuring at least three partials of a first tone generator; calculating at least three inharmonicity values, each inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two of said measured at least three partials of said first tone generator; estimating at least one inharmonicity value for each of a plurality of the multiple tone generators, each estimated inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two estimated partials of the respective tone generator; and calculating a target frequency for at least one partial of said first tone generator based upon at least one of said at least one calculated inharmonicity value and at least one of said at least one estimated inharmonicity value. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising: adjusting said first tone generator based upon said at least one calculated target frequency for said first tone generator. 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: measuring at least three partials of a second tone generator; calculating at least three inharmonicity values, each inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two of said measured at least three partials of said second tone generator; estimating at least one inharmonicity value for each of a plurality of unmeasured tone generators, each estimated inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two estimated partials of the respective tone generator; and calculating a target frequency for at least one partial of said second tone generator based upon at least one of said at least one measured inharmonicity value and at least one of said at least one estimated inharmonicity value. 19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: adjusting said second tone generator based upon said at least one calculated target frequency for said second tone generator. 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising: (a) measuring at least two partials of another of said plurality of the multiple tone generators; (b) calculating at least three inharmonicity values for said another tone generator, each inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two of said measured at least two partials of said another tone generator; (c) estimating at least one inharmonicity value for each of a plurality of unmeasured tone generators, each estimated inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two estimated partials of the respective tone generator; (d) calculating a target frequency for at least one partial of said another tone generator based upon at least one of said measured at least one inharmonicity value and at least one at least one of said at least one estimated inharmonicity value; (e) adjusting said another tone generator based upon at least one said calculated target frequency for another tone generator; and (f) repeating (a)-(e) for a plurality of remaining tone generators of the multiple tone generators. 21. The method of claim 16, wherein said at least inharmonicity values includes a value for each unique pair of partials among at least three partials. 22. A system for use in the tuning of musical instrument having multiple adjustable frequency tone generators, each said tone generator capable of producing a plurality of different order partials, with the first partial for each note corresponding to the lowest frequency of the note, the system comprising: a wave sampler capable of converting sound into an electrical signal; a signal processor receiving said signal, said signal processor adapted to measure a plurality of partials based on said signal and generate a plurality of inharmonicity values, each inharmonicity value representing a relationship between two of said measured plurality of partials of a respective tone generator; and a calculator capable of estimating at least one inharmonicity value for at least one tone generator based upon at least one of said signals generated by said signal processor and calculating a target frequency for at least one partial of at least one tone generator of the multiple tone generators based upon said inharmonicity values. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein said plurality of values comprises a value for each unique pair of partials among said plurality of partials of the respective tone generator. 24. The system of claim 22, wherein said plurality of partials comprises substantially all measured partials of the respective tone generator. 25. The system of claim 22, wherein said calculator is adapted to calculate a target frequency for at least one partial of substantially all of the multiple tone generators. 26. The system of claim 22, wherein said calculator is adapted to calculate a target frequency for each of substantially all measured partials of substantially all of the multiple tone generators. 27. The system of claim 22, further comprising a display capable of displaying an indicator representative of at least one of said calculated target frequencies. 28. The system of claim 22, further comprising a display capable of displaying an indicator representative of a difference between at least one of said calculated target frequencies and a substantially real-time frequency of a partial of the respective tone generator. 29. The system of claim 22, further comprising a reference signal generator capable of generating a reference signal representative of the calculated target frequency for a partial of a respective tone generator, and wherein said indicator is representative of a phase difference between said generated reference signal and said substantially real-time phase of said partial of said respective tone generator. 30. A method for use in tuning of a musical instrument having multiple adjustable frequency tone generators, each said tone generator capable of producing one or more different order partials, with the first partial for each tone generator corresponding to the lowest frequency of said each tone generator, the method comprising: (a) measuring at least two partials of a first tone generator; (b) calculating a target frequency for each of at least one partial of each of a plurality of the multiple tone generators; (c) adjusting said first tone generator based upon said calculated target frequency; (d) measuring at least one partial of another tone generator; (e) calculating a target frequency for each of at least one partial of each of a p