The drop-by-drop evaporation of a liquid or solution is controlled by monitoring the disappearance of each successive droplet and by actuating the deposition of the next droplet until the desired volume is deposited. In the case of a solution, non-volatile residue (NVR) is collected on a deposition
The drop-by-drop evaporation of a liquid or solution is controlled by monitoring the disappearance of each successive droplet and by actuating the deposition of the next droplet until the desired volume is deposited. In the case of a solution, non-volatile residue (NVR) is collected on a deposition surface plate as a relatively small mound. One of a variety of methods may be employed to measure the evaporative behavior of each droplet and to key the deposition procedure. The process is preferably carried out employing a clean deposition surface plate that is maintained at or below the boiling point of the particular liquid or solvent being deposited. The environment is preferably controlled so that inadvertent contamination is precluded from interfering, and thus the method permits the automatic, micro-processor controlled evaporation of liquids with the resultant deposition of non-volatile residues from solutions within relatively short periods of time. The deposited residue may then be quantified at levels down to and below about 1 ug/mL (1 mg/L) by one of several means for determining the amount of non-volatile residue remaining.
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The drop-by-drop evaporation of a liquid or solution is controlled by monitoring the disappearance of each successive droplet and by actuating the deposition of the next droplet until the desired volume is deposited. In the case of a solution, non-volatile residue (NVR) is collected on a deposition
The drop-by-drop evaporation of a liquid or solution is controlled by monitoring the disappearance of each successive droplet and by actuating the deposition of the next droplet until the desired volume is deposited. In the case of a solution, non-volatile residue (NVR) is collected on a deposition surface plate as a relatively small mound. One of a variety of methods may be employed to measure the evaporative behavior of each droplet and to key the deposition procedure. The process is preferably carried out employing a clean deposition surface plate that is maintained at or below the boiling point of the particular liquid or solvent being deposited. The environment is preferably controlled so that inadvertent contamination is precluded from interfering, and thus the method permits the automatic, micro-processor controlled evaporation of liquids with the resultant deposition of non-volatile residues from solutions within relatively short periods of time. The deposited residue may then be quantified at levels down to and below about 1 ug/mL (1 mg/L) by one of several means for determining the amount of non-volatile residue remaining. ci. USA 84:2038-2042. Keutmann et al., 1988, Biochemistry 27:8939-8944. Klatzmann et al., 1984, Nature 312:767-768. Kodo et al., 1984, J. Clin. Invest. 73:1377-1384. Kopp et al., 1993, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9:267-275. Korbling et al., 1986, Blood 67:529-532. Kornyei et al., 1993, Biol. Reprod. 49:1149-1157. Krown et al., 1990, Ann. Intern. Med. 112:812-821. Lajtha, 1979, Differentiation 14:23-34. Lajtha, 1979, Blood Cells 5:447-455. Laphorn et al., 1994, Nature 369:455-461. Leary et al., 1987, Blood 69:953-956. Letvin et al., 1990, J. AIDS 3;1023-1040. Longhi et al., 1986, J. Immunol. Meth. 92:89-95. Lord and Spooncer, 1986, Lymphokine Res. 5:59-72. Louache et al., 1992, Blood 180:2991-2999. Lu et al., 1983, Blood 61:250-256. Lunardi-Iskandar at al., 1989, J. Clin. Invest. 83:610-615. Lunardi-Iskandar at al., 1989, Leukemia Res. 13:573-581. Lunardi-Iskandar at al., 1995, Nature 375:64-68. Maddon et al., 1986, Cell 47:333-348. Martin, 1991, Basic and Chemical Endocrinology (Appleton & Lange, East Norwalk) pp 543-567. Masood et al., 1984, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10:969-976. McDougal et al., 1986, Science, 231:382-385. Merrifield, 1963, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2156. Mitsuya et al., 1991, Science 249:1533-1544. Moore et al., 1980, Blood 55:682-690. Nakamura et al., 1988, Science 242:426-430. Nicola et al., 1980, J. Cell. Physiol. 103:217-237. Nicola et al., 1981, Blood 58:376-386. Nijhof et al., 1983, J. Cell. Biol. 96:386-392. Nijhof et al., 1984, Exp. Cell. Res. 155:583-587. Nothdurft et al., 1977, Scand. J. Haematol. 19:470-481. Ochs et al., 1981, Pediatr. Res. 15:601. Paige et al., 1981, J. Exp. Med. 153:154-165. Paul, 1994, Cell 82:177-182. Perelson et al., 1966, Science 15:1582-1586. Pierce et al, 1991, Rev. Biochem., 50:465-495. Pillow et at., 1966, New Eng. J. Med. 275:94-97. Popescu et al., 1995, JNCI 88:450-454. Popovic et al., 1984, Science 224:497-500. Prummer et al., 1985, Exp. Hematol. 13:891-898. Puisieux et al., 1990, Endocrinology 126:687-694. Raghavacher et al., 1983, J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 7A:78. Reiffers et al., 1986, Exp. Hematol. 14:312-315. Reisner et al., 1978, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:2933-2936. Reisner et al., 1982, Blood 59:360-363. Robak et al., 1985, Leukemia Res. 9:1023-1029. Rodeck, 1984, Prenatal Diagnosis (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London). Ryan et al., 1988, FASEB J. 2:2661-2669. Salahuddin et al., 1988, Science 242:430-433. Sarpel et al., 1979, Exp. Hematol. 7:113-120. Schall, 1991, Cytokine 3:165-183. Schooley et al., 1990, ann. Int. Med. 112:247-253. Sherman, 1992, J. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:951-959. Siegel et al., 1990, Cancer 65:492-498. Smith et al., 1987, Science 238:1704-1707. Smith and Broxmeyer, 1986, Br. J. Haematol. 63:29-34. Stevens et al., 1986, Immunol. Lett. 12:11-18. Strauss et al., 1986, Exp. Hematol. 14:878-886. Strauss et al., 1986, Exp. Hematol. 14:935-945. Terstappen et al., 1992, Leukemia 6:993-1000. Thomas et al., 1972, Lancet 1(745):284-289. Tilly et al., 1986, Lancet, Jul. 19 pp. 154-155. To and Juttner, 1987, Br. J. Haematol. 66:285-288. Torres et al., 1987, Immunol. Inv. 16:607-618. Touraine, 1983, Birth Defects 19:139-142. Triozzi et al., 1994, Int. J. Oncol. 5:1447-1453. Tulunay et al., 1975, Proc. Natl. Acad.
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