초록 ▼

A temperature compensated optical device includes a compression-tuned glass element 10 having a Bragg grating 12 therein, a compensating material spacer 26 and an end cap 28 all held within an outer shell 30. The element 10, end cap 28 and shell 30 are made of a material having a low coefficient of

A temperature compensated optical device includes a compression-tuned glass element 10 having a Bragg grating 12 therein, a compensating material spacer 26 and an end cap 28 all held within an outer shell 30. The element 10, end cap 28 and shell 30 are made of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), e.g., silica, quartz, etc. and the spacer 26 is made of a material having a higher CTE, e.g., metal, Pyrex.RTM., ceramic, etc. The material and length L5 of the spacer 26 is selected to offset the upward grating wavelength shift due to temperature. As temperature rises, the spacer 26 expands faster than the silica structure causing a compressive strain to be exerted on the element 10, which shifts the wavelength of the grating 12 down to balance the intrinsic temperature induces wavelength shift up. As a result, the grating 12 wavelength is substantially unchanged over a wide temperature range. The element 10 includes either an optical fiber having at least one Bragg grating 12 impressed therein encased within and fused to at least a portion of a glass capillary tube or a large diameter waveguide (or cane) with a grating 12 having a core 11 and a wide cladding, which does not buckle over a large range of compressive axial strains. The element may have a "dogbone" shape to amplify compressive strain on the grating 12. The device 8 may also be placed in an axially tunable system that allows the wavelength to be dynamically tuned while remaining athermal. In addition to a grating, the device may be an athermal laser, DFB laser, etc. Also, the entire device 8 may be all made of monolithic glass materials.

대표청구항 ▼

A temperature compensated optical device includes a compression-tuned glass element 10 having a Bragg grating 12 therein, a compensating material spacer 26 and an end cap 28 all held within an outer shell 30. The element 10, end cap 28 and shell 30 are made of a material having a low coefficient of

A temperature compensated optical device includes a compression-tuned glass element 10 having a Bragg grating 12 therein, a compensating material spacer 26 and an end cap 28 all held within an outer shell 30. The element 10, end cap 28 and shell 30 are made of a material having a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), e.g., silica, quartz, etc. and the spacer 26 is made of a material having a higher CTE, e.g., metal, Pyrex.RTM., ceramic, etc. The material and length L5 of the spacer 26 is selected to offset the upward grating wavelength shift due to temperature. As temperature rises, the spacer 26 expands faster than the silica structure causing a compressive strain to be exerted on the element 10, which shifts the wavelength of the grating 12 down to balance the intrinsic temperature induces wavelength shift up. As a result, the grating 12 wavelength is substantially unchanged over a wide temperature range. The element 10 includes either an optical fiber having at least one Bragg grating 12 impressed therein encased within and fused to at least a portion of a glass capillary tube or a large diameter waveguide (or cane) with a grating 12 having a core 11 and a wide cladding, which does not buckle over a large range of compressive axial strains. The element may have a "dogbone" shape to amplify compressive strain on the grating 12. The device 8 may also be placed in an axially tunable system that allows the wavelength to be dynamically tuned while remaining athermal. In addition to a grating, the device may be an athermal laser, DFB laser, etc. Also, the entire device 8 may be all made of monolithic glass materials. Hack's Chemical Dictionary, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York, 1967, p. 232, "elastic." inteilung und Kennzeichnung," Angew Chem 80:329-337. Huisgen, R. (1961). "1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions," Proc Chem Soc: 357-369. Kaufmann, T. (1974). "1.3-Anionic Cycloadditions of Organolithium Compound: An Initial Survey," Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 13:627-639. Linn, W.J. et al. (1965). "Tetracyanoethylene Oxide. 1.Preparation and Reaction with Nucleophiles," J Am Chem Soc 87:3651-3656. Linn, W.J. et al. (1965). "Tetracyanoethylene Oxide. 11.Addition to Olefins, Acetylenes, and Aromatics," J Am Chem Soc 87:3657-3665. Linn, W.J. et al. (1965). "Tetracyanoethylene Oxide. 111. Mechanism of the Addition of Olefins," J Am Chem Soc 87:3665-3672. Linn, W.J. et al. (1969). "Tetracyanoethylene Oxide. 1Y. Nucleophilic Ring Opening," J Org Chem 34:2146-2152. Lown, J.W. et al. (1972). "Reactions of Tetrasubstituted Azomethyne Ylides Generated from Tetracyanoethylene Oxide," Can J Chem 50:534-542. Shea, K.M. et al. (1988). Doecasubstituted Metallochlorines (metallohydroporphyrins). J Chem Soc., Chem Comm: 759-760. Smith, K.M. et al. (1990). "Synthesis of Oxygen Analogues of the Sulfchlorins," Tetrahedron Lett 31(27):3853-3856. Stuckwisch C.G. (1973). "Azomethyne Ylids, Azomethyne Imines, and Iminophosphoranes in Organic Synthesis," Synthesis: 469-483. Tome, A.C. (1997). "Meso-Arylporphyrines as Dienophiles in Diels-Alder Reactions: A Novel Approach to the Synthesis of Chlorins, Bacteriochlorins and Naphthoporphyrins,"J Chem Soc., Chem Comm:1199-1200. Van Lier. (1991). "Photosensibilization: Reaction Pathways," Photobiological Techniques 216:85-98. Sisemore M.F. et al. Inorg Chem (1997) 36:979-984. Sisemore et al Inorg. Chem. 36 (1997) 979-984. epresented by formula (1) with an 5 amino acid in the presence of an acid. 2. The process for producing a benzylamine compound according to claim 1, wherein the acid is hydrochloric acid. 3. The process for producing a benzylamine compound according to claim 2, wherein the amino acid is valine or 2-aminoisobutyric acid. 4. The process for producing a benzylamine compound according to claim 2, wherein the reaction solvent is N,N-dimethylacetamide. 5. The process for producing a benzylamine compound according to claim 2 or 4, wherein the amount of hydrochloric acid is from two to three equivalents based on the benzaldehyde compound. zene sulfonate. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the monomer surfactant is sodium styrene sulfonate. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate has an average diameter of about 1 to 100 micrometers. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate has an average diameter of about 1 to 50 micrometers. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the particulate has an average diameter of about 1 to 10 micrometers. 14. A method of making an ionomeric particulate composition comprising the steps of: (a) forming an aqueous phase comprising at least one acid monomer containing a carboxylic acid, at least one metal oxide, and at least a first surfactant and a second surfactant, the first surfactant being a monomer surfactant that aids in the initial formation of the ionomeric particulate and at least a portion of the first surfactant polymerizes to become a part of the ionomeric particulate; (b) forming an oil phase comprising at least one initiator and at least one vinyl monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid ester of non-tertiary alcohol having 1 to 14 carbon atoms, vinyl acetate, styrene, octylacrylamide, and N-vinyl lactams; (c) suspension polymerizing oil phase until the suspended oil droplets are about 60% polymerized; then (d) adding dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate; and (e) suspension polymerizing the oil phase to near completion.