초록 ▼

An apparatus and method for extracting energy is provided. In one aspect the method includes using chemical reactions to generate vibrationally excited molecules, such as high-quantum-number-vibrationally-excited gas molecules in a region. The vibration energy in the vibrationally excited molecules

An apparatus and method for extracting energy is provided. In one aspect the method includes using chemical reactions to generate vibrationally excited molecules, such as high-quantum-number-vibrationally-excited gas molecules in a region. The vibration energy in the vibrationally excited molecules is converted into hot electrons when the excited molecules contact a conductor. A geometry is provided so that the excited molecules may travel, diffuse or wander into a conductor before loosing a useful fraction of the vibrational energy. Optionally, the generating and the converting process may be thermally separated, at least in part. The short lived hot electrons are converted into longer lived entities such as carriers and potentials in a semiconductor, where the energy is converted into a useful form.

대표청구항 ▼

An apparatus and method for extracting energy is provided. In one aspect the method includes using chemical reactions to generate vibrationally excited molecules, such as high-quantum-number-vibrationally-excited gas molecules in a region. The vibration energy in the vibrationally excited molecules

An apparatus and method for extracting energy is provided. In one aspect the method includes using chemical reactions to generate vibrationally excited molecules, such as high-quantum-number-vibrationally-excited gas molecules in a region. The vibration energy in the vibrationally excited molecules is converted into hot electrons when the excited molecules contact a conductor. A geometry is provided so that the excited molecules may travel, diffuse or wander into a conductor before loosing a useful fraction of the vibrational energy. Optionally, the generating and the converting process may be thermally separated, at least in part. The short lived hot electrons are converted into longer lived entities such as carriers and potentials in a semiconductor, where the energy is converted into a useful form. d compound curing agent; and (c) fine crosslinked resin particles. 2. The thermosetting powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein said polycarboxylic acid compound curing agent (b) contains a polycarboxylic acid compound (b-1) which exists in a crystalline solid form at room temperature and a carboxylic acid compound (b-2) dissimilar in type to said polycarboxylic acid compound (b-1), and wherein: (I) said polycarboxylic acid compound curing agent (b) exists in the solid form at room temperature; and (II) a melting point of the polycarboxylic acid compound curing agent (b), as determined by a differential scanning calorimeter, is lower than a melting point of said polycarboxylic acid compound (b-1) or said carboxylic acid compound (b-2). 3. The thermosetting powder coating composition of claim 1, wherein said thermosetting powder coating composition is a thermosetting powder clear coating composition.