초록 ▼

A modular elongated element (1), an intramodule tensile device (11), a pair of securing and linking devices (12), and an intermodule connector device (13), interconnected using the devices and methods disclosed herein, are used to construct a virtually limitless variety of inherently-tensile constru

A modular elongated element (1), an intramodule tensile device (11), a pair of securing and linking devices (12), and an intermodule connector device (13), interconnected using the devices and methods disclosed herein, are used to construct a virtually limitless variety of inherently-tensile constructs. In the most elemental module, the intramodule tensile device (11) connects a pair of securing and linking devices (12) which are in turn secured to two ends (14) of the modular elongated element (1).

대표청구항 ▼

A modular elongated element (1), an intramodule tensile device (11), a pair of securing and linking devices (12), and an intermodule connector device (13), interconnected using the devices and methods disclosed herein, are used to construct a virtually limitless variety of inherently-tensile constru

A modular elongated element (1), an intramodule tensile device (11), a pair of securing and linking devices (12), and an intermodule connector device (13), interconnected using the devices and methods disclosed herein, are used to construct a virtually limitless variety of inherently-tensile constructs. In the most elemental module, the intramodule tensile device (11) connects a pair of securing and linking devices (12) which are in turn secured to two ends (14) of the modular elongated element (1). kes of the brake system, the brake pressure being adjusted as a function of a predetermined braking input which is provided by a driver of the motor vehicle; switching on a controllable pump of a pressure supply arrangement to charge at least one accumulator of the pressure supply arrangement in preselected operating states, the switching on step including: detecting a first fault condition indicative of a no pressure buildup condition when the change value is less than the predetermined setpoint value and less than a further limiting value, and detecting a second fault condition indicative of a too small of a pressure buildup condition when the change value exceeds the further limiting value; monitoring an operating of the pressure supply arrangement as a function of a chance value of an accumulator pressure of the at least one accumulator over a predetermined time period; and comparing the change value to at least one predetermined setpoint value. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the switching on step includes the substep of: detecting a third fault condition indicative of a too steep of a pressure buildup condition when the change value exceeds the predetermined setpoint value. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the switching on step further includes the substep of: detecting a fourth fault condition indicative of an accumulator pressure sensor condition when, in response to successive braking actions at wheels of the motor vehicle, an actual wheel brake pressure is less than a predetermined setpoint wheel brake pressure, the predetermined setpoint wheel brake pressure being determined by the driver. 5. A method for controlling a brake system of a motor vehicle, comprising: actuating a valve arrangement using an electrical system to adjust a brake pressure of wheel brakes of the brake system, the brake pressure being adjusted as a function of a braking input provided by a driver of the motor vehicle; switching on a controllable pump of a pressure supply arrangement to charge at least one accumulator of the pressure supply arrangement in preselected operating states; when a first fault condition indicative of a too small of a pressure buildup condition is detected, deactivating first functions which require a substantial dynamic performance from a pressure buildup; when a second fault condition indicative of a too steep of the pressure buildup condition is detected, providing a warning to the driver; when a third fault condition indicative of an accumulator pressure-sensor condition is detected, switching off the electrical system and changing from the electrical system to a hydraulic control system; when the pump is switched off, detecting a fourth fault condition indicative of a pressure decrease during a holding condition when a pressure gradient is below a predetermined setpoint value; and when the pump is switched off, detecting a fifth fault condition indicative of a pressure buildup when a change value of an accumulator pressure of the at least one accumulator exceeds the predetermined setpoint value. 6. A device for controlling a brake system of a motor vehicle, comprising: a valve arrangement for adjusting a brake pressure of wheel brakes of the brake system; a pressure supply arrangement including at least one accumulator and a controllable pump; and an electronic control unit electrically regulating the brake pressure as a function of a braking input by actuating the valve arrangement, the control unit switching on the pump to charge the at least one accumulator in preselected operating states the control unit including a fault recognition arrangement which monitors an operation of the pressure supply arrangement as a function of a change value of an accumulator pressure in the at least one accumulator over a predetermined time period, which determines the predetermined setpoint value as a function of a pulse duty factor of a driving signal of the pump of the pressure supply arrangement, which compares the change value to the predetermined setpoint value, and which detects at least one fault condition based on the comparison of the change value to the predetermined setpoint value. thin the ski body, and in the ski's middle region the upper chord element (4) is shaped in the manner of an upwardly curved arc (6) extending in the longitudinal direction of the ski and spanning the lower chord element (5), and the arc (6) of the upper chord element (4) is adapted to deflect in the direction of the lower chord element (5) in dependence upon the load exerted by the binding, and the upper chord element (4) is supported in the end regions of the ski in such a way that a displacement of the ends of the upper chord element (5) resulting from the deflection of the arc (6) increases the load carrying share of the end regions of the ski. 2. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized by the provision of a cavity in the interior of the ski underneath the arc (6). 3. The alpine ski as claimed in any one of the claims 1 or 2, characterized in that a filler (11) made of an elastic or elastically compressible material is arranged between the arc (6) of the upper chord element (4) and the underlying chord element (6). 4. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) takes support on the lower chord element (5) in longitudinal direction through friction elements or damping elements. 5. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 4, wherein at least one of the friction elements or damping elements is of an elastomeric material. 6. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) has in the binding area (8) devices for attachment of binding components. 7. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (6) has in the binding mounting area (8) a plate (17) bounding the ski upper side (7) or embedded therein, to which plate the binding components are securable. 8. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that it comprises one single upper chord element (4) and one single lower chord element (5). 9. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that several upper chord elements (4) or lower chord elements (5) are arranged in the ski body (2) in juxtaposed relation to each other. 10. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the lower chord element (5) is made of a thin-walled strip of sheet metal, fiber material or fabric of high tensile strength. 11. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is composed of one of several rods or tubes or plate-shaped elements which are made of a pressure-resistance material. 12. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 11, wherein the pressure-resistance material is at least one of a metal, fiber-reinforced plastics or wood. 13. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower chord element (5) extend over the full length of the ski's gliding surface (3). 14. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is arranged above the lower chord element (5) over the entire length of the lower chord element. 15. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) crosses the lower chord element (5) in one of the two end regions of the ski, subsequently continuing beneath the lower chord element (5). 16. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) crosses the lower chord element (5) twice in an end region of the ski, so that the upper chord element (4) extends above the lower chord element (5) in the middle of the ski and in the outer end region, while extending beneath the lower chord element (5) in the area in-between. 17. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the lower chord element (5) or the upper chord element (4) has a respective cutout at the crossings through which the other element (4 or 5) is passed. 18. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower ch ord element (5) are fixedly connected with each other only at their ends. 19. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is carried and guided on the ski body (2) so as to be able to execute a longitudinal movement relative to the ski body (2). 20. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material of the ski body (2) surrounding said elements (4, 5) is a filler of low density. 21. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 20, wherein the filler of low density is at least one of a foamed plastics material, a fiber material or a fabric referred to as a spacer fabric. 22. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the ski body (2) also includes a box of mechanical resistance in which said elements (4, 5) surrounded by filler material are arranged. 23. The alpine ski as claimed in any one of the claims 1 or 2, characterized in that a filler (11) made of an elastic and elastically compressible material is arranged between the arc (6) of the upper chord element (4) and the underlying chord element (6). 24. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) takes support on the lower chord element (5) in longitudinal direction through friction elements and damping elements. 25. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 22, wherein at least one of the friction elements and damping elements is of an elastomeric material. 26. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that several upper chord elements (4) and lower chord elements (5) are arranged in the ski body (2) in juxtaposed relation to each other. 27. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower chord element (5) are movably connected through at least one clip. 28. An alpine ski comprising a body which is composed of several elements and has on an underside a gliding surface and on an upper side a binding mounting area, and includes at least one upper chord element subjected primarily to pressure loads and at least one lower chord element subjected to tensile loads, characterized in that at least a first section of at least one of the upper chord element and lower chord element is arranged within the ski body and at least a second section of at least one of the upper chord element and lower chord element is arranged outside the ski body, and in the ski's middle region the upper chord element (4) is shaped in the manner of an upwardly curved arc (6) extending in the longitudinal direction of the ski and spanning the lower chord element (5), and the arc (6) of the upper chord element (4) is adapted to deflect in the direction of the lower chord element (5) in dependence upon the load exerted by the binding, and the upper chord element (4) is supported in the end regions of the ski in such a way that a displacement of the ends of the upper chord element (5) resulting from the deflection of the arc (6) increases the load carrying share of the end regions of the ski. 29. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized by the provision of a cavity in the interior of the ski underneath the arc (6). 30. The alpine ski as claimed in any one of the claims 28 or 29, characterized in that a filler (11) made of at least one of an elastic or elastically compressible material is arranged between the arc (6) of the upper chord element (4) and the underlying chord element (6). 31. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) takes support on the lower chord element (5) in longitudinal direction through at least one friction element or damping element. 32. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) has in the binding area (8) devices for attachment of binding components. 33. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (6) has in the binding mounting area (8) a plate (17) bounding the ski upp er side (7) or embedded therein, to which plate the binding components are securable. 34. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that it comprises one single upper chord element (4) and one single lower chord element (5). 35. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that a plurality of upper chord elements (4) or lower chord elements (5) are arranged in the ski body (2) in juxtaposed relation to each other. 36. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the lower chord element (5) is made of a thin-walled strip of sheet metal, fiber material of fabric of high tensile strength. 37. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is composed of one of several rods or tubes or plate-shaped elements which are made of a pressure-resistant material. 38. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower chord element (5) extend over the full length of the ski's gliding surface (3). 39. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is arranged above the lower chord element (5) over the entire length of the lower chord element. 40. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) crosses the lower chord element (5) in one of the two end regions of the ski, subsequently continuing beneath the lower chord element (5). 41. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) crosses the lower chord element (5) twice in an end region of the ski, so that the upper chord element (4) extends above the lower chord element (5) in the middle of the ski and in the outer end region, while extending beneath the lower chord element (5) in the area in-between. 42. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the lower chord element (5) or the upper chord element (4) has a respective cutout at the crossings through which the other element (4 or 5) is passed. 43. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower chord element (5) are fixedly connected with each other only at their ends. 44. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) is carried and guided on the ski body (2) so as to be able to executed a longitudinal movement relative to the ski body (2). 45. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the material of the ski body (2) surrounding said elements (4, 5) is a filler of low density. 46. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the ski body (2) also includes a box of mechanical resistance in which said elements (4, 5) surrounded by filler material are arranged. 47. The alpine ski as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the upper chord element (4) and the lower chord element (5) are movably connected through at least one clip. ng surface reflects by total internal reflection. 4. The lens of claim 1, wherein the reflecting surface is a surface of a funnel-shaped portion of the lens. 5. The lens of claim 1, wherein the reflecting surface, the first refracting surface, and the second refracting surface are each portions of surfaces having cylindrical symmetry about the central axis. 6. A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting semiconductor device; and a lens comprising: a bottom surface; a reflecting surface; a first refracting surface obliquely angled with respect to a central axis of the lens; and a second refracting surface extending as a smooth curve from the bottom surface to the first refracting surface; wherein light emitted by the semiconductor device, entering the lens through the bottom surface, and directly incident on the reflecting surface is reflected from the reflecting surface to the first refracting surface and refracted by the first refracting surface to exit the lens in a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the lens, and wherein light emitted by the semiconductor device, entering the lens through the bottom surface, and directly incident on the second refracting surface is refracted by the second refracting surface to exit the lens in a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the lens. 7. The light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein at least a portion of the bottom surface of the lens is perpendicular to the central axis. 8. The light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein the reflecting surface reflects by total internal reflection. 9. The light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein the reflecting surface is a surface of a funnel-shaped portion of the lens. 10. The light-emitting device of claim 6, wherein the reflecting surface, the first refracting surface, and the second refracting surface of the lens are each portions of surfaces having cylindrical symmetry about the central axis. 11. A lens cap comprising: a bottom surface attachable to a lens; a reflecting surface; a first refracting surface obliquely angled with respect to a central axis of the lens cap; and a second refracting surface extending as a smooth curve from the bottom surface to the first refracting surface; wherein light entering the lens cap through the bottom surface and directly incident on the reflecting surface is reflected from the reflecting surface to the first refracting surface and refracted by the first refracting surface to exit the lens cap in a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the lens, and wherein light entering the lens cap through the bottom surface and directly incident on the second refracting surface is refracted by the second refracting surface to exit the lens cap in a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axis of the lens cap. 12. The lens cap of claim 11, wherein at least a portion of the bottom surface is perpendicular to the central axis. 13. The lens cap of claim 11, wherein the reflecting surface reflects by total internal reflection. 14. The lens cap of claim 11, wherein the reflecting surface is a surface of a funnel-shaped portion of the lens cap. 15. The lens cap of claim 11, wherein the reflecting surface, the first refracting surface, and the second refracting surface are each portions of surfaces having cylindrical symmetry about the central axis.