초록 ▼

A positive pressure generator is provided proximal the valve or septum of a vascular catheter for inducing sufficient positive pressure in the lumen or fluid path of the catheter so that a sufficient portion of the fluid at the tip of the catheter is forced into the blood vessel after the cannula or

A positive pressure generator is provided proximal the valve or septum of a vascular catheter for inducing sufficient positive pressure in the lumen or fluid path of the catheter so that a sufficient portion of the fluid at the tip of the catheter is forced into the blood vessel after the cannula or needle has been removed from the hub so that any blood in the tip is displaced back into the vessel or is sufficiently diluted such that clotting within the lumen adjacent the tip is substantially mitigated. The positive pressure generator is preferably comprised of a flexible tube or cavity which has a variable internal volume and which is configured to have a first stable configuration with a first internal fluid volume and a second stable configuration with a smaller internal fluid volume.

대표청구항 ▼

A positive pressure generator is provided proximal the valve or septum of a vascular catheter for inducing sufficient positive pressure in the lumen or fluid path of the catheter so that a sufficient portion of the fluid at the tip of the catheter is forced into the blood vessel after the cannula or

A positive pressure generator is provided proximal the valve or septum of a vascular catheter for inducing sufficient positive pressure in the lumen or fluid path of the catheter so that a sufficient portion of the fluid at the tip of the catheter is forced into the blood vessel after the cannula or needle has been removed from the hub so that any blood in the tip is displaced back into the vessel or is sufficiently diluted such that clotting within the lumen adjacent the tip is substantially mitigated. The positive pressure generator is preferably comprised of a flexible tube or cavity which has a variable internal volume and which is configured to have a first stable configuration with a first internal fluid volume and a second stable configuration with a smaller internal fluid volume. ng with the compound, wherein the reservoir is arranged to enable the coupling medium to directly contact a surface of the epithelial tissue layer; an energy source; and a target material arranged between the energy source and the reservoir, wherein the reservoir is configured to enable the target material to directly contact coupling medium in the reservoir, and the energy source and the target material are arranged, and the energy source is controlled, so that energy from the energy source directed onto the target material propagates an impulse transient within the coupling medium. 2. An apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy source is a laser. 3. An apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a transparent material bonded to a surface of the target material and interposed between the surface and the laser, and arranged to confine pressure forces resulting from ablation of the target material within the reservoir. 4. An apparatus of claim 2, wherein the target material comprises a polymer. 5. An apparatus of claim 1, wherein the target material is a metal foil or plastic sheet. 6. An apparatus of claim 5, wherein the metal foil comprises aluminum or copper. 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy source propagates impulse transients that each comprise a broad-band compressive wave having a rise time of at least 1 nanosecond and a peak pressure of at least 300 bar and no more than 2000 bar. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the impulse transients have a peak pressure of 550 to 650 bar. 9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the impulse transients have a rise time of 75 to 125 nanoseconds. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the energy source is a pulsed laser beam. 11. A system for delivering a compound through an epithelial cell layer in an animal, the system comprising an apparatus of claim 1; and a coupling medium suitable for mixing with the compound. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the coupling medium comprises a non-linear liquid or gel. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the coupling medium comprises water, oil, an isotonic medium, a collagenous gel, or any combination thereof. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the coupling medium comprises a surfactant. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein the energy source propagates impulse transients that each comprise a broad-band compressive wave having a rise time of at least 1 nanosecond and a peak pressure of at least 300 bar and no more than 2000 bar. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the impulse transients have a peak pressure of 550 to 650 bar. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein the impulse transients have a rise time of 75 to 125 nanoseconds. 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the energy source is a pulsed laser beam. 000, Macoviak et al., 604/096.01; US-6143015, 20001100, Nobles; US-6148825, 20001100, Anderson et al.; US-6156005, 20001200, Theron; US-6159219, 20001200, Ren; US-6159229, 20001200, Jendersee et al.; US-6206262, 20010300, Achelpohl et al.; US-6221043, 20010400, Fishell et al.; US-6228110, 20010500, Munsinger; US-6234995, 20010500, Peacock, III, 604/096.01; US-6248086, 20010600, Sweezer et al., 604/097.02; US-6254563, 20010700, Macoviak et al., 604/101.05; US-6290689, 20010900, Delaney et al.; US-6423032, 20020700, Parodi; US-6443912, 20020900, Mazzola et al.; US-20010056285, 20011200, Dutta et al.; US-20020087119, 20020700, Parodi d and appts. for grinding of old brasques and similar products--comprises crushing operation, screening operation to separate from the crushed product the grains having the dimensions of the finished prod., and a grinding operation to reduce the crushed product to required dimensions.," Abstract of EP 675762, publication date unknown.