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A ceramic thermal barrier coating on a substrate wherein the coating comprises primary columnar grains that extend transversely of a surface of the substrate and that include integral secondary columnar grains extending laterally therefrom relative to a respective column axis. The secondary columnar

A ceramic thermal barrier coating on a substrate wherein the coating comprises primary columnar grains that extend transversely of a surface of the substrate and that include integral secondary columnar grains extending laterally therefrom relative to a respective column axis. The secondary columnar grains typically extend from the primary columnar grains at an acute angle of less than 90 degrees relative to the column axis of the primary columnar grains. The coating structure exhibits reduced thermal conductivity as compared to a conventional thermal barrier coating.

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A ceramic thermal barrier coating on a substrate wherein the coating comprises primary columnar grains that extend transversely of a surface of the substrate and that include integral secondary columnar grains extending laterally therefrom relative to a respective column axis. The secondary columnar

A ceramic thermal barrier coating on a substrate wherein the coating comprises primary columnar grains that extend transversely of a surface of the substrate and that include integral secondary columnar grains extending laterally therefrom relative to a respective column axis. The secondary columnar grains typically extend from the primary columnar grains at an acute angle of less than 90 degrees relative to the column axis of the primary columnar grains. The coating structure exhibits reduced thermal conductivity as compared to a conventional thermal barrier coating. e group consisting of isopropylsulfonate and isobutylsulfonate, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 4. An Fe particle having a size of about 5 nm to about 50 nm the Fe particle having a silane coupling film thereon, the silane coupling film having the formula R-silane, where R is a substituted alkyl having a quaternary ammonium group selected from the group consisting of methyltrimethylammonium, ethyltrimethylammonium, vinyltrimethylammonium, propyltrimethylammonium, butyltrimethylammonium, hexyltrimethylammonium, octyltrimethylammonium, decyltrimethylammonium, dodecyltrimethylammonium, and octadecyltrimethylammonium, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 5. An Fe particle having a size of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, the Fe particle having a silane coupling film thereon, the silane coupling film having the formula R-silane, where R is an aryl having a sulfonate group selected from the group consisting of phenylsulfonate, benzylsulfonate, xylylsulfonate, biphenylsulfonate, and naphthylsulfonate, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 6. An Fe particle having a size of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, the Fe particle having a silane coupling film thereon, the silane coupling film having the formula R-silane, where R is an aryl having an ammonium group selected from the group consisting of phenylammonium, benzylammonium, xylylammonium, biphenylammonium, and naphthylammonium, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 7. An Fe particle having a size of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, the Fe particle having a silane coupling film thereon, the silane coupling film having the formula R-silane, where R is an aryl having a charged ammonium group selected from the group consisting of phenyltrimethylammonium, benzyltrimethylammonium, xylyltrimethylammonium, biphenyltrimethylammonium, and naphthyltrimethylammonium, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer. 8. An Fe particle having a size of about 5 nm to about 50 nm, the Fe particle having a silane coupling film thereon, the silane coupling film having the formula R-silane, where R is selected from the group consisting of decyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, dodecylsulfonate, octadecylsulfonate, phenylsulfonate, ethylammonium, hexylammonium, butyltrimethylammonium, and hexyltrimethylammonium, the coupling film having a thickness of about 2 nanometers to about 1 micrometer.