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An improved APD structure and an improved manner of operating APD's particularly beneficial for a single photon detection applications are provided. An APD is provided having an absorption region, a control region, and a multiplication region, wherein the multiplication region has a k value of appro

An improved APD structure and an improved manner of operating APD's particularly beneficial for a single photon detection applications are provided. An APD is provided having an absorption region, a control region, and a multiplication region, wherein the multiplication region has a k value of approximately 1. In one example the multiplication region comprises a doped InP layer. The field control layer is designed so as to produce a reduction of electric field that is equal to the multiplication region's breakdown electric field, plus or minus 5V/μm. The method comprises applying a potential across the APD so as to induce an electric field across the multiplication region that exceeds the breakdown field; while having the control region shield the absorption region to prevent excessive noise.

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An improved APD structure and an improved manner of operating APD's particularly beneficial for a single photon detection applications are provided. An APD is provided having an absorption region, a control region, and a multiplication region, wherein the multiplication region has a k value of appro

An improved APD structure and an improved manner of operating APD's particularly beneficial for a single photon detection applications are provided. An APD is provided having an absorption region, a control region, and a multiplication region, wherein the multiplication region has a k value of approximately 1. In one example the multiplication region comprises a doped InP layer. The field control layer is designed so as to produce a reduction of electric field that is equal to the multiplication region's breakdown electric field, plus or minus 5V/μm. The method comprises applying a potential across the APD so as to induce an electric field across the multiplication region that exceeds the breakdown field; while having the control region shield the absorption region to prevent excessive noise. al from a mobile telephone base station, the mobile telephone signal comprising a range signal; wherein the processor determines a range between the user terminal and the mobile telephone base station based on the range signal; and a transmitter to transmit the pseudorange and the range to a location server configured to determine a position of the user terminal based on the pseudorange, the range, a location of the television signal transmitter, and a location of the mobile telephone base station. 122. The apparatus of claim 121, wherein the mobile telephone signal is a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signal, and the range signal comprises a timing advance parameter. 123. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein the broadcast television signal is selected from the group comprising: an American Television Standards Committee (ATSC) digital television signal; a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) signal; a Japanese Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial (ISDB-T) signal; and an analog television signal. 124. The apparatus of claim 122, wherein: the processor determines a second pseudo-range between the user terminal and the mobile telephone base station based on a known component of the mobile telephone signal; and the transmitter transmits the first and second pseudo-ranges and the range to a location server configured to determine a position of the user terminal based on the first and second pseudo-ranges, the range, a location of the television signal transmitter, and a location of the mobile telephone base station. 125. The apparatus of claim 124, wherein the known component of the mobile telephone signal is a training sequence. 126. The apparatus of claim 125, wherein the broadcast television