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An electrically operated solenoid for controlling a valve mechanism, including a coil assembly, a magnetic armature defining a passage extending therethrough, a pole piece defining a passage extending therethrough generally aligned with the passage in the armature, and an actuator pin having a first

An electrically operated solenoid for controlling a valve mechanism, including a coil assembly, a magnetic armature defining a passage extending therethrough, a pole piece defining a passage extending therethrough generally aligned with the passage in the armature, and an actuator pin having a first portion disposed within the passage in the armature and a second portion extending through the passage in the pole piece for engagement with the valve mechanism. The actuator pin is engaged with the armature such that reciprocating movement of the armature correspondingly displaces the actuator pin to control operation of the valve mechanism. An adjustment screw is threadingly engaged within a threaded portion of the armature passage such that displacement of the adjustment screw correspondingly adjusts a position of the actuator pin relative to the armature along an actuation axis.

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An electrically operated solenoid for controlling a valve mechanism, including a coil assembly, a magnetic armature defining a passage extending therethrough, a pole piece defining a passage extending therethrough generally aligned with the passage in the armature, and an actuator pin having a first

An electrically operated solenoid for controlling a valve mechanism, including a coil assembly, a magnetic armature defining a passage extending therethrough, a pole piece defining a passage extending therethrough generally aligned with the passage in the armature, and an actuator pin having a first portion disposed within the passage in the armature and a second portion extending through the passage in the pole piece for engagement with the valve mechanism. The actuator pin is engaged with the armature such that reciprocating movement of the armature correspondingly displaces the actuator pin to control operation of the valve mechanism. An adjustment screw is threadingly engaged within a threaded portion of the armature passage such that displacement of the adjustment screw correspondingly adjusts a position of the actuator pin relative to the armature along an actuation axis. higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes iron. 4. An incandescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical connection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes aluminum. 5. An incandescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical connection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes boron. 6. An incondescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical connection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes organic binder. 7. An incandescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical conn ection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes an acrylic binder. 8. An incandescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical connection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes iron, aluminum, boron, and an acrylic binder. 9. An incandescent lamp comprising: a) a sealed, light transmissive tungsten halogen capsule receiving electrical power through a first lead and a second lead; b) at least one of the leads being coupled in series with an oxidizable electrical connection having a first pyrophoric stage ignitable at a first temperature and a second pyrophoric stage ignitable at a second temperature higher than the first temperature, the first pyrophoric stage positioned sufficiently near the second pyrophoric stage to transmit sufficient heat from the first pyrophoric stage during pyrophoric ignition to the second stage to cause ignition of the second stage; and c) a sealed light transmissive outer envelope enclosing the capsule, the oxidizable connection and an inert atmosphere around the connection, and providing electrical connection for the tungsten halogen capsule wherein the first pyrophoric stage is an oxidizable coating at least partially covering the second pyrophoric stage; and wherein the coating includes by weight about 84% iron, 5% aluminum, 10% boron and 1% acrylic binder. herein the conversion of energy is the conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy, wherein said source of energy comprises a source of thermal energy, and wherein said apparatus further comprises: a) a first thermal interface thermally connecting said source of energy to said emitter electrode; b) a second thermal interface thermally connecting a heat sink means to said collector electrode; c) an electrical load, electrically connected by said circuit between said collector electrode and said emitter electrode. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said source of thermal energy is of solar origin. 15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said distance separating said emitter electrode and said collector electrode is sufficiently small for electrons to tunnel from said emitter electrode to said collector electrode. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conversion of energy is the conversion of light energy to electrical energy, wherein said source of energy comprises a source of photons, directed at said emitter electrode for impacting the electrons in said emitter electrode and for causing said electrons to tunnel to said collector electrode, and wherein said apparatus further comprises an electrical load, electrically connected by said circuit between said collector electrode and said emitter electrode. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said conversion of energy additionally comprises the conversion of heat energy to electrical energy and wherein said source of photons is also a source of thermal energy. 18. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said distance separating said emitter electrode and said collector electrode is sufficiently small for electrons to tunnel from said emitter electrode to said collector electrode. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conversion of energy is the conversion of electrical energy to heat pumping capacity, wherein said source of energy comprises an electrical power supply, and wherein said apparatus further comprises: a) a heat source and a heat sink, wherein said heat source may be cooler than said heat sink, and wherein said heat source is thermally connected to said emitter electrode and said heat sink is thermally connected to said collector electrode, and, b) means for applying a voltage bias to said electrodes for causing said emitter electrode to emit electrons originating from above the Fermi level via quantum mechanical tunneling, whereby heat pumping is enabled. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said distance separating said emitter electrode and said collector electrode is sufficiently small for electrons to tunnel from said emitter electrode to said collector electrode. 21. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said distance separating said electrodes is controlled at an initial value by said controlling means. 22. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said distance separating said electrodes is 10 angstroms. 23. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein