초록 ▼

An automated chemical synthesizer including plural reaction vessels, a plurality of liquid containers, at least one liquid dispenser, a liquid amount storage, a dispensing amount calculator, and a liquid shortage detector. The plurality of liquid containers are configured to contain liquid chemicals

An automated chemical synthesizer including plural reaction vessels, a plurality of liquid containers, at least one liquid dispenser, a liquid amount storage, a dispensing amount calculator, and a liquid shortage detector. The plurality of liquid containers are configured to contain liquid chemicals respectively. The at least one liquid dispenser is configured to dispense the liquid chemicals from the plurality of liquid containers to the plural reaction vessels according to a synthesizing protocol. The liquid amount storage is configured to memorize a present amount of each of the liquid chemicals in the plurality of liquid containers. The dispensing amount calculator is configured to calculate a dispensing amount of each of the liquid chemicals to be dispensed according to the synthesizing protocol. The liquid shortage detector is configured to detect shortages of the liquid chemicals in the plurality of liquid containers by comparing the present amount memorized in the liquid amount storage and the dispensing amount calculated by the dispensing amount calculator.

대표청구항 ▼

An automated chemical synthesizer including plural reaction vessels, a plurality of liquid containers, at least one liquid dispenser, a liquid amount storage, a dispensing amount calculator, and a liquid shortage detector. The plurality of liquid containers are configured to contain liquid chemicals

An automated chemical synthesizer including plural reaction vessels, a plurality of liquid containers, at least one liquid dispenser, a liquid amount storage, a dispensing amount calculator, and a liquid shortage detector. The plurality of liquid containers are configured to contain liquid chemicals respectively. The at least one liquid dispenser is configured to dispense the liquid chemicals from the plurality of liquid containers to the plural reaction vessels according to a synthesizing protocol. The liquid amount storage is configured to memorize a present amount of each of the liquid chemicals in the plurality of liquid containers. The dispensing amount calculator is configured to calculate a dispensing amount of each of the liquid chemicals to be dispensed according to the synthesizing protocol. The liquid shortage detector is configured to detect shortages of the liquid chemicals in the plurality of liquid containers by comparing the present amount memorized in the liquid amount storage and the dispensing amount calculated by the dispensing amount calculator. de.9. A biosensor as claimed in claim 1 in which the membrane elements are bolar lipids or membrane spanning proteins.10. A biosensor as claimed in claim 1 in which the first and second binding pair molecules are antibodies or any active binding fragments of antibodies.11. A biosensor as claimed in claim 1 in which the ionophore is gramicidin or analogues thereof or valinomycin.12. A biosensor as claimed in claim 1 in which the membrane elements extend through the membrane.13. A biosensor as claimed in claim 12 in which the membrane elements are attached to the electrode via attachment groups.14. A method of assaying a sample for the presence of an analyte, the method comprising contacting a biosensor as claimed in claim 1 in which the first and second binding partner molecules bind to the analyte with the sample and measuring the conductivity of the membrane.15. A biosensor comprising an electrode, a membrane and an intermediate region between at least portions of the membrane and the electrode; the biosensor comprising at least a first and a second zone, each zone being different from other zone in a property resulting from differences in the electrode, the intermediate region or combinations thereof within each zone; the membrane comprising a plurality of ionophores, at least a proportion of the ionophores being capable of lateral diffusion within the membrane; a plurality of first binding partner molecules attached to membrane elements positioned within the first zone such that the first binding partner molecules are prevented from diffusing laterally into the second zone, second binding partner molecules attached to the ionophores, the rate of lateral diffusion within the membrane of the first binding partner molecules and the second binding partner molecules being different, wherein the intermediate region functions as a reservoir or as a source or sink for ions and comprises molecular wires. 16. A biosensor as claimed in claim 15 in which the molecular wires have a porphyrinic or octathiophene based structure.17. A biosensor as claimed in claim 16 in which the porphyrinic structure is comprised of a series of fused porphyrin rings with adjacent components of the wire fused through the [b] bond of the porphyrinic ring.18. A biosensor as claimed in claim 17 in which the molecular wire includes bridging units between two adjacent porphyrin rings and between a porphyrin ring and end functional groups.19. A biosensor as claimed in claim 18 in which the bridging units include an anthracene unit or tetraazaanthracene unit fused at the [b] and [e] bonds of the parent tetraazaanthracene system to the other components on the wire.20. A biosensor as claimed in claim 15 in which the intermediate region comprising molecular wires (MW) are formed by self-assembly onto the electrode surface. arbon substrate providing step comprises providing a carbon paper substrate.4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said depositing step further comprises performing said cyclic voltammetry at a voltage in the range of +1.06V to −1.0V vs. a silver/silver chloride reference electrode at a scan rate in the range of from about 1.0 millivolt/sec to about 65 millivolt/sec for about 5 to 45 cycles.5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said depositing step further comprises performing said cyclic voltammetry at a voltage in the range of −0.150V to −0.300V vs. a silver/silver chloride reference electrode at a scan rate of 10 mv/s for 25 cycles.6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the maximum positive excursion reached during said cyclic voltammetry is approximately −0.15V.7. The method according to claim 1 wherein said solution is heated to about 70° C.8 .A method for producing an electrocatalytic cathode for use in an electrochemical cell system comprising the steps of: providing a carbon substrate; and simultaneously depositing palladium and iridium on said carbon substrate by controlled potential coulometry; wherein said depositing step comprises depositing said palladium and iridium from a solution containing 1.0 mM PdCl 2, 2.0 mM Na2IrCl6, 0.2M KCl, and 0.1M HCl.9. The method according to claim 8 wherein said carbon substrate providing step comprises providing a high density carbon substrate.10. The method according to claim 8 wherein said carbon substrate providing step comprises providing a carbon paper substrate.11. The method according to claim 8 wherein said depositing step comprises carrying out said controlled potential coulometry at a voltage of −0.25V vs. a silver/silver chloride reference electrode for 10 minutes.12. The method according to claim 8 wherein said depositing step comprises carrying out said controlled potential coulometry at a potential between 1.0V to −1.0V vs. a silver/silver chloride reference electrode for a time in the range of from about 3 to 10 minutes.