초록 ▼

A composite membrane is provided having a flexible metallic substrate for separation of hydrogen from gas mixtures, which achieves a separation ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen of greater than about 4,000 at operating temperatures higher than 300° C. The composite membrane has a layer system arran

A composite membrane is provided having a flexible metallic substrate for separation of hydrogen from gas mixtures, which achieves a separation ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen of greater than about 4,000 at operating temperatures higher than 300° C. The composite membrane has a layer system arranged on at least one surface of the substrate, the layer system having a rigid, non-self-supporting, nonmetallic inorganic diffusion barrier layer adjacent the substrate, and at least one hydrogen-permeable, nonporous, metallic membrane on the side of the barrier facing away from the substrate. A method for production of such a composite membrane is also provided in which the diffusion barrier layer adjoining the membrane layer is formed by PVD, CVD, sol-gel process, or sintering-on powder particles, and the membrane layer is electrodeposited on the diffusion barrier layer.

대표청구항 ▼

1. A composite membrane, comprising a flexible, metallic substrate and a layer system arranged on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the layer system comprises a rigid, non-self-supporting, nonmetallic inorganic diffusion barrier layer and at least one hydrogen-permeable, nonporous, meta

1. A composite membrane, comprising a flexible, metallic substrate and a layer system arranged on at least one surface of the substrate, wherein the layer system comprises a rigid, non-self-supporting, nonmetallic inorganic diffusion barrier layer and at least one hydrogen-permeable, nonporous, metallic membrane layer, wherein the diffusion barrier layer is arranged between the substrate and the at least one membrane layer and comprises at least one single layer, wherein at least a single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is open-pored and/or has microcracks and has an electrical resistivity of less than about 10 Ωcm at a temperature of 20° C. on its surface facing away from the substrate, wherein the substrate has an open porosity in a range of 15% to 60%, and wherein the at least one membrane layer is electrodeposited on the surface of the at least one diffusion barrier layer facing away from the substrate. 2. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer has an electrical resistivity of less than about 10,000 μΩcm at a temperature of 20° C. on its surface facing away from the substrate. 3. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer has an electrical resistivity of less than about 1,000 μΩcm at a temperature of 20° C. on its surface facing away from the substrate. 4. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises stainless steel. 5. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal nitride. 6. The composite membrane according to claim 5, wherein the metal nitride comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. 7. The composite membrane according to claim 6, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises titanium nitride (TiN). 8. The composite membrane according to claim 6, wherein the metal nitride further comprises aluminum. 9. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal oxide. 10. The composite membrane according to claim 9, wherein the metal oxide has a substoichiometry. 11. The composite membrane according to claim 10, wherein the metal oxide comprises a substoichiometric titanium oxide. 12. The composite membrane according to claim 9, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises ruthenium oxide (RuO or RuO 2 or Ru 2 O 3 ). 13. The composite membrane according to claim 9, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises iridium oxide (IrO or IrO 2 or Ir 2 O 3 ). 14. The composite membrane according to claim 9, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises rhodium oxide (RhO or Rh 2 O 3 ). 15. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal carbide. 16. The composite membrane according to claim 15, wherein the metal carbide comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. 17. The composite membrane according to claim 16, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises tungsten carbide (WC). 18. The composite membrane according to claim 15, wherein the metal carbide contains included carbon. 19. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal oxynitride. 20. The composite membrane according to claim 19, wherein the metal oxynitride comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium and hafnium. 21. The composite membrane according to claim 20, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises titanium oxynitride. 22. The composite membrane according to claim 20, wherein the metal oxynitride further comprises aluminum. 23. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal carbonitride. 24. The composite membrane according to claim 23, wherein the metal carbonitride comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten. 25. The composite membrane according to claim 24, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises titanium carbonitride (TiCN). 26. The composite membrane according to claim 24, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises niobium carbonitride. 27. The composite membrane according to claim 26, wherein the niobium carbonitride comprises NbC 0.3 N 0.7 . 28. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer comprises a metal boride. 29. The composite membrane according to claim 28, wherein the metal boride comprises at least one metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium, zirconium, cerium and barium. 30. The composite membrane according to claim 29, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is selected from the group consisting of CeB 6 , TiB 2 , NbB, and NbB 2 . 31. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises metal fibers, wherein interstices between the metal fibers have a width and a length respectively of<about 5 μm or free hole surfaces between the metal fibers have a round surface equivalent with a diameter of<about 5 μm. 32. The composite membrane according to claim 31, wherein the interstices or open pores on a side of the substrate facing the at least one diffusion barrier layer are at least partially filled with particles which are sintered with the metal fibers, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of metal particles and mixtures of metal particles with ceramic particles and/or glass particles. 33. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises a foil of sintered metal powder. 34. The composite membrane according to claim 33, wherein the foil of sintered metal powder has open pores on a side of the substrate facing the at least one diffusion barrier layer and the open pores are at least partially filled with particles which are sintered with the foil, wherein the particles are selected from the group consisting of metal particles and mixtures of metal particles with ceramic particles and/or glass particles. 35. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer has an open porosity with a pore diameter of about 20 nm to 500 nm. 36. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer has microcracks, wherein the microcracks have a width of<about 5 μm. 37. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is formed by physical vapor phase d eposition (PVD). 38. The composite membrane according to claim 37, wherein the physical vapor phase deposition is cathode sputtering. 39. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is formed by chemical vapor phase deposition (CVD). 40. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is formed by a sol-gel process. 41. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer is formed from particles with a mean particle size<about 0.5 μm, which are sintered together. 42. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer has a thickness in a range of about 0.1 μm to 5 μm. 43. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the diffusion barrier layer is covered on the surface facing away from the substrate with a seed layer whose chemical composition at least paxtiaily corresponds to a composition of the membrane layer. 44. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the at least one membrane layer comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of palladium and palladium alloys. 45. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the at least one membrane layer has a thickness in a range of about 0.5 μm to 15 μm. 46. The composite membrane according to claim 1, wherein the at least one membrane layer is covered on its surface facing away from the diffusion barrier layer with catalytically active material. 47. The composite membrane according to claim 46, wherein the catalytically active material is selected from the group consisting of platinum, ruthenium and rhodium. 48. The composite membrane according to claim 46, wherein the catalytically active material is selected from the group consisting of a platinum-palladium alloy, a ruthenium-palladium alloy, a rhodium-palladium alloy, and a palladium-rare earth metal alloy. 49. A process for production of a composite membrane according to claim 1, comprising forming at least the single layer of the diffusion barrier layer directly adjoining the membrane layer by a method selected from the group consisting of PVD, CVD, a sol-gel process, and sintering-on of powder particles with a mean particle size of<about 0.5 μm, and then electrodepositing the at least one membrane layer on the surface of the diffusion barrier layer facing away from the substrate. 50. The process according to claim 49, further comprising the step of, prior to the electrodepositing step, covering the surface of the diffusion barrier layer facing away from the substrate with a seed layer whose chemical composition at least partially corresponds to that of the membrane layer.