An electric arc furnace and method for forming tubular carbon nanostructures comprising a first electrode (cathode) and an a second electrode (anode) opposite the first electrode, sources of voltage (V) and current (A) to create charged particles (Ie) and produce an arch between the electrodes, a so
An electric arc furnace and method for forming tubular carbon nanostructures comprising a first electrode (cathode) and an a second electrode (anode) opposite the first electrode, sources of voltage (V) and current (A) to create charged particles (Ie) and produce an arch between the electrodes, a source of a gas to surround the arc, and a source of carbon precursor positioned adjacent the anode and within the arc, wherein the arc is maintained at a pressure and high temperature for a time sufficient to heat the carbon precursor to form carbon nonotubes upon the anode.
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1. A method for forming tubular carbon nanostructures which comprises heating a non-graphitizable carbon precursor received within an electrical discharge between a cathode and an anode in an arc furnace in the presence of a gas at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to form the tubular carbon n
1. A method for forming tubular carbon nanostructures which comprises heating a non-graphitizable carbon precursor received within an electrical discharge between a cathode and an anode in an arc furnace in the presence of a gas at a temperature and a pressure sufficient to form the tubular carbon nanostructures from the carbon precursor wherein said carbon nanostructures are formed on said anode. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding charged particles provided by an electrical discharge between a cathode, and an anode. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the tubular carbon nanostructures include multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 4. The method of claim 1, which further comprises including a dopant in the non-graphitizable carbon precursor in an amount sufficient to form tubular carbon nanostructures. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the temperature and pressure are maintained such that the sublimation of the non-graphitizable carbon precursor is minimized. 6. A method for forming tubular carbon nanostructures comprises the steps of heating a non-graphitizable carbon precursor in the presence of a gas at a temperature and pressure sufficient to form the tubular carbon nanostructures from the carbon precursor and including a dopant in the non-graphitizable carbon precursor in an amount sufficient to form the tubular carbon nanostructures, wherein the dopant is amorphous boron which is present in an amount sufficient to increase the length of the tubular carbon nanostructures to greater than 0.5 microns. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the inert gas is helium, the non-graphitizable carbon precursor is fullerene soot, carbon black, or sucrose carbon. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the transformation of the precursor is conducted in the absence of any significant sources of carbon vapor. 9. The method of claim 1, which further comprises controlling the arc furnace temperature and the heating rate of the precursor to form multi-walled carbon nanotubes. 10. A method of forming tubular carbon nanostructures which comprises discharging a direct current arc between an anode and a cathode, the anode comprising a conducting electrode containing a carbon precursor, the discharging in the presence of a gas at a temperature and pressure such that the carbon precursor is maintained in a solid phase and for a period of time sufficient to form the tubular carbon nanostructures on the anode from the carbon precursor. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the carbon precursor is non-graphitizable carbon. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the non-graphitizable carbon is fullerene soot, carbon black, or sucrose carbon. 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the carbon precursor is graphitizable carbon. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the graphitizable carbon is PVC. 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the pressure is from about 50 Torr to atmospheric. 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the temperature is in a range from about 1500° C. to about 3500° C. 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the gas is an inert gas or nitrogen. 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the temperature and pressure are maintained such that the sublimation of said carbon precursor is prevented. 19. The method of claim 10, which further comprises including a dopant in the carbon precursor in an amount sufficient to form tubular carbon nanotubes. 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the formation of the tubular carbon nanostructures is conducted in the absence of any significant sources of carbon vapor. 21. An arc furnace for forming tubular carbon nanostructures comprising a cathode, an anode opposite the cathode, sources of voltage and current in amounts sufficient to create charged particles and produce an arc between the anode and cathode, a source of a gas to surround the arc, and a source of carbon precursor positioned adjacent the anode and within the arc, wherein the arc has a sufficiently high temperature and is maintained at a pressure for a time sufficient to heat the carbon precursor to form carbon nanotube on the anode. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the anode includes a recess of sufficient size and sufficient geometry to retain the carbon precursor therein, with the recess positioned on the anode positioned to receive the charged particles from the arc. 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein the carbon precursor is a disordered or non-graphitizable carbon, the cathode comprises a water-cooled metal rod. 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the gas is an inert gas or nitrogen. 25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the source of carbon precursor is maintained upon a platform positioned within the arc and adjacent the anode, with the platform optionally including a surface which envelopes the platform to retain the precursor therein. 26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the anode is a platform for receiving the source of carbon precursor, the platform optionally positioned into an enveloping structure. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the platform is movable through the enveloping structure. 28. The apparatus of claim 25, which further comprises a conveyor for moving the platform and precursor through the arc to continuously form the nanostructures. 29. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the voltage and current are sequentially applied to the platform to continuously or semicontinuously form the carbon nanostructures. 30. The apparatus of claim 21, which further comprises a heat source to increase the temperature of the arc to assist in formation of the tubular carbon nanostructures, wherein the temperature and pressure are maintained such that the sublimation of the disordered carbon precursor is avoided during the formation of the tubular carbon nanostructures. 31. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the anode and the cathode are hollow tubes adapted to receive the source of carbon precursor through the tubes for a period of time sufficient to form carbon nanotubes. 32. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the anode includes a circular platform having radial ribs, spaces therebetween for receiving the carbon precursor and a recess for collecting the carbon nanotubes. 33. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the anode includes a circular platform rotatably attached to the anode, the platform including a location for the carbon precursor and a recess for collecting the carbon nanotubes.
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